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2.Arabs,(H)agarenes,Ishmaelites,Saracens…
25
Ishmael’sdescendantsfrequentlyappearintheBible.Josephwassoldtothem
byhistreacherousbrothers
29.WecanfindthemintheBookofChronicles,describ-
ingthereignofKingDavid
30,aswellasinPsalm8331.IntheBookofJudith,written
probablyinthefourthcenturyBC,thechildrenofIshmaelareamongthosede-
featedbyNebuchadnezzar,rulerofAssyria
32.ABabylonianchronicle,contempo-
rarytotheBookofJudithconfirmshisinvasiononSyriaandPalestine
33.Ishmaelites
arecommonlyidentifiedwiththepeopleoftheeast,whoweredefeatedbyGideon
34
andwithMedaniteandAmalekitetribes,alsomentionedbytheOldTestament
35.
Ithasbroughtsomescholarstoaconclusionthattherecouldexistaconfederation
ofIshmaelitetribessomewheresouthofPalestine
36.
I.Eph’alpaysattentiontothefactthatallreferencestoIshmaelandhisde-
scendantsintheBiblecomefromthetimesbeforetenthcenturyBC.Inthelat-
erbookswefindneitherIshmaelites,norHagrites,MedanitesorAmalekites
37.
NoneofthesenamescaneverbefoundinanyothersourcesofBiblicaltimes
whichdeliverinformationofothergroupsinhabitingtheArabianPeninsula
38.
TeverytermsArabsandArabiccanalsobefoundintheBible
39,buttheir
“Arab(s)”:aTransmissionofEthnologicalTerms,JNES35.4,1976,p.225;A.G.C.Savvides,
SomeNotesontheTermAgarenoi,IsmaelitaiandSarakenoiinByzantineSources,B67,1997,
p.90;D.D.Grafton,“TeArabs”intheEcclesiasticalHistoriansofthefourth/ffhCenturies:
ElectsonContemporaryChristian-MuslimRelations,HTS64.1,2008,p.180.
29Gen.37,25-28;37,36.
301Chron.1,28-31.Seealso:Jdt.2,23.
31Ps.83,7.
32Jdt.2,22-27.
33D.J.Wiseman,ChroniclesofChaldeanKings(626-556BC)intheBritishMuseum,
London1956,p.70;I.Eph’al,“Ishmael”and“Arab(s)”…,pp.231-232.
34Judg.8,24.
35Gen.37,25-28:Joseph’sbrotherssoldhimtoIshmaelitescarryingspicery,balmand
myrrhtoEgypt;Gen.37,36:TeMidianitessoldhimintoEgyptuntoPotiphar,anofcerofPhar-
aoh;39,1;1Sam.15,7:AndSaulsmotetheAmalekitesfomHavilah.
36I.Eph’al,“Ishmael”and“Arab(s)”…,p.226.
37I.Eph’al,“Ishmael”and“Arab(s)”…,p.226.
38D.H.Müller,Arabia,[in:]RE,vol.III,Stuttgart1895,cols.344-359;E.Glaser,
SkizzederGeschichteundGeographieArabiensvondenältestenZeitenbiszumProphetenMuḥam-
mad.NebsteinemAnhangezurBeleuchtungderGeschichteAbessyniensim3.und4.Jahrhundert
n.Chr.AufGrundderInschrifen,derAngabenderaltenAutorenundderBibel,vol.II,Berlin
1980,passim;I.Eph’al,“Ishmael”and“Arab(s)”…,p.226.
392Chron.9,14(AndallthekingsofArabiaandgovernorsofthecountrybroughtgold
andsilvertoSolomon);2Chron.17,11(AlsosomeofthePhilistinesbroughtJehoshaphatpresents,
andtributesilver;andtheArabiansbroughthimflocks,seventhousandandsevenhundredrams,
andseventhousandandsevenhundredhegoats);2Chron.21,16(MoreovertheLordstirredup
againstJehoramthespiritofthePhilistines,andoftheArabians,thatwereneartheEthiopians);2