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3.TeArabsbeforeIslam…
47
thanadecade,tobedeposedbytheSassanidrulerKavadII(498-531)forre-
fusingtoacceptPersianreligion,Mazdaism.WhenKhusrawI(531-579),also
knownasAnushirvan,rosetopowerinPersia,Al-Mundhirmanagedtoregain
hisposition.OneofthemostbelligerentrulersofAl-H.ra,hislastadvanceto
thewestwasstoppedbytheGhassśnids
24.Al-MundhirIIIwaskilledinthebat-
tle,referredtointhesourcesastheHalim’sday.Whatismeantbythetermis
probablythebattleofinnasr.nin554.Al-NucmśnIbnal-Mundhirwasthelast
representativeoftheLakhmiddynasty.HewasexecutedbyPersiansinCtesi-
phonin602.TeLakhmidKingdomlostitsautonomy,anduntiltheArab-Mus-
liminvasionin633,wasgovernedbythePersianviceroy.
Accordingtomedievalaccounts,Al-H.rawasanimportantcentreofscience
andeducation,includingChristianone.Itsroyalcastleplayedanimportantrole
inthedevelopmentofpre-MuslimArabculture,especiallypoetry.
3040TeGhassinids
TeGhassśnidscamefromsouthernArabia25.Aroundthesixthcentury,
theyadoptedtheMonophysiteversionofChristianityandestablished,under
theByzantineprotection,abulerstatewiththecapitalinAl-Djśbiya.TeGhas-
sśnidsassistedtheByzantinesintheirfightagainstPersia,which,inturn,was
supportedbytheLakhmids
26.Testatereachedtheheightofitspowerin
24MoreonAl-Mundhir’sraidsonByzantineterritoriescanbefoundinthechapterDif-
cultNeighbours.Enemies,Partners,Allies,writtenbyTeresaWolińska.
25TereexistshugeliteratureontheGhassśnids;hereIamgoingtogiveonlyaselection
ofthemostimportanttitles:T.Nöldeke,GhassanischenFürstenausdemHauseGafna’s,Ber-
lin1887;J.Sauveget,LesGhassanidesetSergiopolis,B14,1939,pp.115-130;I.Kawar
(Shahid),ProcopiusontheGhassanids,JAOS777.2,1957,pp.79-87;N.V.Pigulevs-
kaja,Araby…,pp.180-214;I.Shahid,Ghassan,[in:]EI,vol.II,pp.1020-1021;idem,
GhdssanidandUmayyadStructures:aCaseofByzanceaprèsByzance,[in:]LaSyriedeByzan-
ceal’islamVIIe-VIIIesiècles.ActesduColloqueInternational.Lyon-MaisondelOrientMedi-
terranéen,Paris-InstitutdumondeArabe.11-15IX1990,eds.P.Canivet,J.-P.Rey-Co-
quais,Damas1992,pp.299-308;idem,TeRestorationoftheGhassanidDynasty,AD
587:DionysiusofTell-Mahre,ARAM5,1993,pp.491-503;idem,ByzantiumandtheAr-
absintheSixthCentury,vol.I/I,PoliticalandMilitaryHistory,Washington1995;vol.I/II,
EcclesiasticalHistory,Washington1995;vol.II/I,Toponymy,Monuments,HistoricalGeog-
raphyandFrontierStudies,Washington2002;vol.II/II,Economic,SocialandCulturalHis-
tory,Washington1995,passim;J.Danecki,Arabowie…,pp.55-58;G.Fisher,TePo-
liticalDevelopmentoftheGhassanbetweenRomeandIran,JLA1.2,2008,pp.311-334.
26MuchmoreonthatcanbefoundinthechapterDifcultNeighbours.Enemies,Partners,
AlliesbyTeresaWolińska,laterinthisvolume.