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I.BeforetheConquest
HefoundfewfollowersamongtheinhabitantsofMecca.Hismainopponents
comprisedtherepresentativesofMeccanaristocracy,fromwhomhehimselfde-
scended.Tenewmonotheisticreligionwasadirectthreattotheinterestsof
theḲuraysh-theleadingtribeofthecitythatderivedhugeprofitsfromsupport-
ingthemovementofpilgrimstoAl-Ka(ba.EgalitarianideasfoundintheMuslim
revelation,too,mayhavebeenregardedasjeopardizingtheexistingorder.Muham-
mad’sfollowerswerepersecutedandisolatedfromthecity’ssocialandeconomic
life.Tepoorformedthecoreofthenewreligiouscommunity.Itwasthisdifcult
situationthatledMuslimstomigratetoAbyssinia(theFirstHidjra)
37.
Around620,followinghisattempttofindalliesinanumberofcitiesof
Al-Hidjśz,Muhammadsucceededinreachinganagreementwiththeinhabitants
ofYathrib(laterMedina),wherethereexistedanumerousJewishcommunity
(thetribesofBanūḲaynuḳś(,BanūNad.r,andBanūḲurayza)andwherehewent
in622,accompaniedbyagroupofhisfollowers.Tiswastheso-calledHidjra,
thatis,emigrationorhiking(thetermwasnevermeanttoconveythemeaning
of“escape”)
38.TatyearmarkedthebeginningoftheMuslimera.Islam’sfirst
politicaldocument,theso-calledMedinaConstitution
39isalsodatedtothatyear.
Tedocumentlaiddowntheprinciplestobefollowedbyvariousreligiouscom-
munitiesinhabitingonecity-state.
InMecca,Muhammadwasaboveallaninspiredprophet:thefirstrevelations
heexperiencedconcernedmainlyeschatologicalandmoralmatters.InMedina
thesituationchanged.Tecitybecamethecapitalfirstofacommuneandthen
ofastateorganizedunderMuhammad’sleadershipandbasedonthedoctrineof
Islam.ItwasruledbyGodhimself,withMuhammadservingonlyastheMes-
sengerofHiswill.
TeMedinaperiodwaswasthetimeofafightagainstMecca.TeProphet
wandedtodefeatthecityfromwhichhecameandtowhichheplannedtoreturn,
especiallythatithadthestatusofthespiritualcentreofhisreligion.TeMus-
lims’firstvictoryovertheMeccanscameinthebattleofBadrin624.Tesecond
militaryencountertookplaceayearlateratUhud.TistimetheMuslimswere
defeated.TeexpulsionoftheJewishtribeBanūNad.rfromMedinawasoneof
theconsequencesofthedefeat.In627,theMuslimswipedoutBanūḲurayza’s
clan,suspectedoftreasonduringthesiegeofMedinabytheMeccans.Tesiege
37M.Gaudefroy-Demombynes,Narodzinyislamu…,pp.68-69.
38Forcomparisonsee:E.W
.Lane,Arabic-EnglishLexicon,vol.VIII,Beirut1968,
pp.2879-2881.ForadetailedanalysisofIslamicHidjrasee:M.Mendel,Hidžra.Náboženská
emigracevdĕjináchislámskýchzemí,Praha2006.
39J.Danecki,KonstytucjaMedyneńska,PR1,1993,pp.37-45.