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StanisławFilipowicz
Ourinterpretationsarenotonlythebasisonwhichknowledgestructures
takeshape,theyarealsoourweapon1akeyelementofsoftpower.Inother
words,aformulaofdiscernmentthatallowsmakingpracticalandeffective
actions.Letmeemphasize1anissuethatisspecial,,butimportant,ithasto
betobethecenterofattentionofdefensescience1itisabouttheabilityto
situateabroadproblemofsecurityanddefenseinthefieldofknowledgeex-
posingconceptsofinterpretationandunderstanding.Amodernunderstand-
ingofdefense,respectingthedevelopmentofreflectionintheareaofsocial
sciences,mustrefertothetraditionofhermeneuticsanduseitsinstruments.2
Italsomeanstakingintoaccountthepointofviewofmeta-hermeneutics,
whichisthetheoryofinterpretationthatfocusesontheproblemsofun-
derstanding.Inotherwords,itdealswiththeissuesofinterpretation.This
problemseemstobeofparticularimportanceinthesphereofconsiderations
regardingtheissuesofsecurity,defense,andtheentiredisciplineofpolicy
makingthatisrelatedtothem.Understandinghowittakesshape,howitis
born;ourownunderstandingoftheconceptofdefensemeansnotonlydeeper
penetrationintothematterofconvictionsaboutthefundamentalsecurityand
defenserequirements,butalsotherealizationinwhichconditionstheytake
shape.Defensesciencemustreachhigherlevel;otherwiseitwillbesuperfi-
cialandbarren,cognitivelynaive.Deficienciesinthedomainofunderstand-
ingcanbecomeaseriousthreat.Wehaveseenthisrecently,observingthe
crisisinrelationswithIsraelandtheU.S.A.connectedwiththeunfortunate
amendmenttotheActontheInstituteofNationalRemembrance,referringto
theresponsibilityforfalseinterpretationsoftheHolocaust.
Letmehighlightthatunlikeinthenaturalscience,theinterpretationplays
akeyroleinthehumanitiesandsocialsciences.Thecognitivegoalofthese
sciencesisnottodiscoverthepropertiesofindependentlyexistingobjects;
theirgoalistounderstandthesphereofhumanexperienceandtheprac-
ticesthatitimplements.Humanactionsarenotan“object”thatweexamine;
humanactionsmustbeunderstoodthroughtheeffortofinterpretation.The
sciencedealingwiththeproblemofinterpretationis,letmerepeat,herme-
neutics.
Inhermeneuticinquiries,thekeyistheconceptoffusionofhorizons.This
isacertainconfigurationofconceptsthatdefinesourabilityofseeingthings.
Indemocracy,thefusionisshapedbypublicdebate.Theexaminationofse-
curityanddefenseissuesmustincludeconsiderationsreferringdirectlytoall
relevantquestionsregardingpublicdiscourseindemocracyforobviousrea-
2Characteristicsofthehermeneuticapproachinthecontextofcurrentdisputesoverthe
natureandcredibilityofscientificknowledge:KristinGjesdal,“HermeneuticsandtheQues-
tionofMethod,”in:TheCambridgeCompaniontoPhilosophicalMethodology,(Cambridge:
CambridgeUniversityPress,2017),337-356.
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