Treść książki
Przejdź do opcji czytnikaPrzejdź do nawigacjiPrzejdź do informacjiPrzejdź do stopki
StanisławFilipowicz
requirespayingattentiontotheambiguitywhich,despiteeverything,wewill
findinthesphereofdemocraticpractices.
Themostgeneralquestionthatwemustaskourselveswhenanalyzingthis
issueis:howisitthatpeoplearereadytorecognizetheauthorityofcertain
decisionsandshowobedience?Thisis,therefore,theclassic,undertakenby
MaxWeber,questionofdomination.What,then,isthenatureofdomination
thatisrealizedintheframeworkofdemocraticorder?Asweknow,Weber
nevergaveadefinitiveanswer.Heconvincedusthatthiswholeissueisvery
complicated;andemphasizedtheimportanceofpracticesrelatedtothefunc-
tioningoftherepresentativesystemandparliaments,buttheissueofdemo-
craticlegitimizationdidnotlimitthisissue.Weber1letmeadd1hascon-
nectedthewholeproblemofmodernformofgovernment(democracy)with
considerationsregardingrationality,whichisperceivedasthemostgeneral
arrangementthatgivesacharacteristicfeatureofmodernity.
Authorof“EconomyandSociety,”letmeremindbriefly,spokeabout
threeformsofdomination.“Thereare,”heexplained,“threepuretypesof
legitimatedomination.Thevalidityoftheclaimstolegitimacymaybebased
on:1.Rationalgrounds1restingonabeliefinthelegalityofenactedrules
andtherightofthoseelevatedtoauthorityundersuchrulestoissuecom-
mands(legalauthority).2.Traditionalgrounds1restingonanestablished
beliefinthesanctityofimmemorialtraditionsandthelegitimacyofthose
exercisingauthorityunderthem(traditionalauthority);orfinally3.Charis-
maticgrounds1restingondevotiontotheexceptionalsanctity,heroismor
exemplarycharacterofanindividualperson,andofthenormativepatternsor
orderrevealedorordainedbyhim(charismaticauthority).”6
Legaldomination,letmerepeat,willbecomeasignificantfeatureofmoder-
nity.Ofcourse,itsmeaningwillbeconnectedwithdemocraticorders,imposing
rationalityrequirementsconnectedwithrecognizingthesuperiorroleofcritics
andpubliclydevelopedargumentation.Theparliamentaryrule,whichexposes
themodelofopendebateasthemostobviouspremiseoflegitimization,will
becomethebasisforpracticesreflectingthelegaldomination.Theexistenceof
publicsphereandparliamentarydiscussion,however,doesnotcompletelyex-
plainthephenomenonofdemocracy.LetusrememberthatWeberspeaksofthe
typesofdominationforgoodreasons.Realityisneverareflectionofabstract
patterns.PresentingWeber’spointofview,letmeemphasize,thatmodernra-
tionalitywillneverberealizedinformsthatwouldbecomplete,integral,and
final(theconceptofrationality,letusremember,constituteidealization).The
“intentional-rational”(Weber’sterm)interestsandpatternsofaction,arenot
6MaxWeber,Gospodarkaispołeczeństwo.Zaryssocjologiirozumiejącej,trans.D.La-
chowska(Warsaw:WydawnictwoNaukowePWN,2002),160.
24