Commercial Relations Between Arabs and Slavs (9th-11th centuries)

Ahmad Nazmi

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ISBN/ISSN:

978-83-8002-351-2

DOI:

Wydawnictwo:

Wydawnictwo Akademickie Dialog

Rok wydania:

2015

Liczba stron:

323

XML:ISBN/ISSN:

ONIX MARC21

Bibliografia:

Nazmi, Ahmad. Commercial Relations Between Arabs and Slavs (9th-11th centuries). Red. . : Wydawnictwo Akademickie Dialog, 2015, 323 s. ISBN 978-83-8002-351-2

Bibliografia refWorks:

RT Book, Whole

SR Electronic(1)

A1 Nazmi, A.

T1 Commercial Relations Between Arabs and Slavs (9th-11th centuries)

PB Wydawnictwo Akademickie Dialog

YR 2015

SN 978-83-8002-351-2

Bibliografia BibTex:

@Book{ 147465, author = "Nazmi, Ahmad", editor = "", title = "Commercial Relations Between Arabs and Slavs (9th-11th centuries)", publisher = "Wydawnictwo Akademickie Dialog", year = "2015", address = "", isbn = "978-83-8002-351-2" }

Bibliografia endNote:

TY - BOOK

AU - Nazmi, Ahmad

ED -

TI - Commercial Relations Between Arabs and Slavs (9th-11th centuries)

PB - Wydawnictwo Akademickie Dialog

CY -

PY - 2015

SN - 978-83-8002-351-2

ER -

Netografia (standard APA):

Nazmi, Ahmad. Commercial Relations Between Arabs and Slavs (9th-11th centuries) [baza danych online] : Wydawnictwo Akademickie Dialog, 2015 [dostęp: 22 07 2024]. Dostęp w Ibuk Libra: https://libra.ibuk.pl/reader/commercial-relations-between-arabs-and-slavs-9th-11th-centuries-ahmad-nazmi-147465.

Napisana po angielsku monografia dotyczy stosunków słowiańsko-arabskich w najwcześniejszym okresie (IX-XI w.). Autor wykorzystuje mało zbadane źródła muzułmańskie, arabski i perskie. A monograph dealing with the trade relations between the Slav Wo...

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ISBN/ISSN:

978-83-8002-351-2

DOI:

Wydawnictwo:

Wydawnictwo Akademickie Dialog

Rok wydania:

2015

Liczba stron:

323

XML:ISBN/ISSN:

ONIX MARC21

Title Page2
Book Info3
Table of Contents4
Dedication6
Preface7
Survey of sources13
Geographical sources13
Travellers36
History and chronicles40
Other sources42
Chapter one: The world of commerce45
Islamic component in the realm of trade45
Commercial world of the Mediterranean51
Economic competition between the two powers – contradiction between two policies57
The Khazar-Arab conflict62
Chapter two: Arabic knowledge of the Slavs (aṣ-Ṣaqāliba)71
The term “Ṣaqāliba” – its meaning and etymology71
The question of the Ṣaqāliba in Muslim Spain73
Geographical location of the Ṣaqāliba (Ṣaqlaba)76
Peoples affiliated withor related to the Slavs83
The Rūs/ Ar-Rūsiya84
The Bulḡār93
Chapter three: The middlemen of trade105
1. Jewish merchants105
The Jewish communities105
Radanites111
The Khazar merchants118
2. The Rūs merchants126
3. The Bulḡār merchants139
Geographical location of the town of Bulḡār145
4. Muslim merchants151
Chapter four: Commercial exchange and trading commodities170
1. Slave trade170
System of slavery in the Muslim society170
The origin of the slaves in the caliphate171
Slave hunters172
Mediators and brokers175
Muslim slave markets177
2. Fur trade182
3. Other commodities186
Chapter five: Trade routes194
Northern routes195
Axial routes200
Samkirš200
Tmutarkan (Matarha )201
Sarkel203
Chapter six: The monetary question206
The monetary question in the caliphate206
Sources of precious metals209
The monetary question in European region214
Conclusion221
Annexes233
Revenues of he caliphate at the beginning of the ninth century AD according to the list of Al-Ǧahšiyārī233
Dates of the principal authors and sources237
Fig. no. 1: The seven climes according to Al-Bīrūnī and Yāqūt239
Fig. no. 2: The seven climes according to Yāqūt240
Fig. no. 3: The Globe (Kūrat al-arḍ) according to Kitāb Iẖwān aṣ-Ṣafā wa-ẖullān al-wafā’241
Fig. no. 4: The seven climes according to Šams ad-Dīn ad-Dimašqī242
Fig. no.5: The World Map according to Yāqūt243
Map no. 1: Peoples of Eastern Europe244
Map no. 2: Main commercial centres in Eastern Europe. 10th-11th centuries245
Map no. 3: Trade routes between the caliphate and Eastern Europe246
Bibliography247
Footnotes262

chronology[86].Healsomadeanumberofvoyagestostudythe

regionsconqueredbytheGhaznavids,particularlytoIndia.Thatis

whyhecomposedaworkonthehistory,cultureandgeographyof

India.

Accordingtorecentresearch,theauthorﬁnishedhisﬁrstworkAl-

Āṯāral-bāqiya‘anal-qurūnal-ẖāliya

–achronologyofancient

nations–whenhewasyoung(about27years).Hisgeographicalwork

whichfollowedinlatersuccessionexhibitsacleartendencytouse

astronomicalandmathematicalknowledge[87].SinceAl-Bīrūnīknew

Sanskrit,hemostprobablyhaddirectaccesstooriginalIndiansources

inthesetwoﬁelds.Thisisclearlyvisibleinhistwoworksof

Al-

Qānūnal-mas‘ūdīandTaḥdīdnihāyātal-amākinli-taṣḥīḥmasāfātal-

masākin(Thedeterminationoftheendoftheplacesforcorrectionof

distancesofinhabitedland)[88].Themeritofthesebooksforourstudy

comesfromthefactthathegivesthelatitudeandgeographical

locationofmanytownsandregionsforthelandofṢaqāliba,Bulḡārs

andotherplaces[89].

Thisbookalsocontainsveryimportantinformationonthepeople

whodwelledinthefurthermostregionsofthenorth,namelythe

peopleofWīsūandYūrā.Mostprobably,theinformationaboutthese

peoplewasrelatedtotheauthorbyTurkishpeoplefromEurasian

regions.YāqūtinhisbiographicaldictionaryinthesectiononAl-

Bīrūnī,reportsthat:“Onceuponatimeamessengercametothecourt

inḠaznafromthefurthermostreachesoftheTurkishland.TheTurk

relatedaboutwhathehadseenbeyondtheseatowardstheNorthPole,

sayingthatinthisplacetherewasnonight.Thecourtiersofthesultan

didnotbelievehimandaccusedhimoflyingandheresy.“Al-Bīrūnī,

whowasoneofthelisteners,tooktheinitiativetoscientiﬁcally

explaintothesultanandhismenhowthiscouldbetrueand

possible[90].

Al-Bīrūnī’sinformationabouttheSeaofWarankorWaranǧisalso

original[91].PerhapshewasoneoftheﬁrstMuslimgeographersto

knowaboutthissea.Hementionedthatitwasthesameseawhich

issuedfromtheoceannorthofthelandoftheṢaqāliba.Itseemsthat

Al-BīrūnīsucceededincombiningtheGreekknowledgewithhis

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Commercial Relations Between Arabs and Slavs (9th-11th centuries)

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