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astronomicalandgeographicalobservations,andmoreoverhecould
utilizewhathehadheardfromtravellersandmerchants.Theauthor’s
standpointnotonlyiscorrect,buthisworkscontainmanyother
detailsnottobefoundelsewhere.
AccordingtothediagramincludedinhisworkTaḥdīd,heputthe
Yāǧūǧ,theKhazars,ǦuzzTurks,theH̱arẖīz(Kirgiz),Kīmāk,Rūsand
theṢaqālibaintheoneclimelocatedinthenorth[92].Asimilar
diagramwithafewchangescanalsobefoundinthegeographical
dictionaryofYāqūt[93].
OnecansaythatAl-Bīrūnī,asanauthorborninthetenthcentury,
wasthelastintheoriginallistofthefirstepochoftheMuslim
geographicalpioneers.Afterthetenthcentury,writersandcompilers
inthisfieldtoagreatextentusedtheseformerworks.
Al-Bakrī,d.478/1085
Abū‘Ubayd‘AbdAllàhal-Bakrīal-Qurṭubīisoneofthebest
knownMuslimAndalusiangeographersoftheeleventhcentury[94].
Theimportanceofhisstudycomesfromthefactthathepreserved
manyofformertravellers’reports,suchasthoseofAl-Ḡazāland
IbrāhīmIbnYa‘qūb.Forsometimeheheldahighofficeatthecourt
inQurṭubaandthisofcoursefacilitatedhisaccesstoarchivalrecords
neededforhiswork[95].
Asfaraswecangather,theauthorwasnotatravellerandneverleft
MuslimSpain.Itseemsprobablethathiswork,accordingtoalong
traditionentitledAl-Masālikwa-al-mamālik(Thebookofroadsand
kingdoms),belongstothecorpusofadministrativegeographical
workscompiledforofficialpurposes.
Al-Idrīsī,born495/1100,d.550/1160
Abū(AbdAllàhMuḥammadIbnIdrīsisalsocalledAš-Šarīfal-
IdrīsībecauseofhisSharifianlineageasadescendantofAl-Ḥasan,
thegrandsonoftheProphetMuḥammad.Hecamefromaroyal
SpanishArabfamilyresidinginMalaga.