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thathealsoemphasizesthatthisfreedommustbeguaranteed
bytheconstitution,asanexponentofsocialmoralityandare-
ectionofit.
Keytothedevelopmentoftheideaoftheruleoflawisthework
ofRobertvonMohl,aboveall,DiedeutschePolizeiwissenschaft
nachdenGrundsätzendesRechtsstaates,whowasthefirsttoana-
lyzethoroughlytheconceptoftheruleoflawandwhoalsorefers
totheearliertheoriesofGrotius(Gozzi,2007,p.237).Moreover,it
ishewhoisconsideredtobethecreatorofthemodernconcept
ofthestategovernedbytheruleoflaw.Likehispredecessors,
vonMohlindicatesthereisanimmanentlinkbetweenthisidea
andthefreedomoftheindividual.Despitethefactthatthevalue
offreedomisparamount,itisnotabsolute.Exploitingfreedom
isonlypossiblewithinlimitssetforthbythelawandcommon
sense.Thestate,throughitslaws,caninterferewithfreedom
onlylimitedlytoenabletheindividualfullytoexercisehis/her
freedom.Inefiect,thestateistocreateconditionsthatpermit
avoidingconictsamongthefreedomsofdifierentindividuals.
VonMohlalsounderscorestheconditionsthatmustbemetin
orderfortheruleoflawtofunction.Suchconditionsinclude,
inadditiontotheprotectionofindividualfreedom,thepara-
mountpositionoftheconstitutioninthesystemofthesources
oflaw,thetransparencyofnormativeactsandtheunambiguity
andcomprehensibilityofthenormscontainedwithinthemfor
theiraddressees,theprohibitionofretroactivelaw,andthepos-
sibilityofredressingtheefiectsofviolationsofthelawbystate
organs.Significantly,vonMohldoesnotconsidertheseparation
ofpowerstobeanecessaryelementofastategovernedbythe
ruleoflaw(Nowacki,2003,p.35).
Difierentassumptionsunderlyasecondmovementinthedevel-
opmentoftheideaofthestategovernedbytheruleoflaw-the
positivistmovement.UnlikevonMohl’sconcepts,thepositivists
approachthisideafromastrictlyformalpointofview.Formany
proponentsofthisconcept,ahierarchicallyconstructedlegal
systemthatissupposedtolinkallstateorgansiscrucial.Theor-
gansaretaskedwithapplyingallbindingnorms,regardlessof
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CONSTITUTIONALLAW