Treść książki
Przejdź do opcji czytnikaPrzejdź do nawigacjiPrzejdź do informacjiPrzejdź do stopki
EuropeanisationintheEUNewMemberStates.AspectsandResearchAgendas
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variousdegreefromcommonmarkettotheforeignpolicy.InthecontextoftheCEE
suchanunderstandingofEuropeanisationfoundexpressioninsignificantandvaried
researchonthechangesinCEEcountries,e.g.transformationofforeignpolicy(Po-
morska2007;Kamińska2010),changesinequalitypolicies(Chiva2009,Krizsan
andPopa2010).
However,inthecontextofCEE,oneofthemostimportantareasofstudies,con-
tributingsignificantlytothedevelopmentoftheconceptofEuropeanisationinits
narrowersense,wasstudiesontheeasternenlargement.Theprocess–initiatedim-
mediatelyafterthebeginningofthepoliticalchangesintheCEEregion–served
asanaturallaboratoryforobservingandassessingtheinfluenceofWesterninstitu-
tionsonthenewlyrecreatedstates.AsFrankSchimmelfennigandUlrichSedelmeier
stressedintherelationtostudiesonEuropeanisation,"[i]ncludingtheCEECswould
notonlymaketheempiricalpicturemorecompletebut,aboveall,permitustotest
theestablishedfindingsinanewcontextandchecksomenewvariables”(2005:5).
IntheirattempttosystemisetheEUimpactonCEEcountries,theauthorspropose
threetheoreticalmodelsexplainingtheprocessofEuropeanisationduringtheEU
enlargementprocess.Theydistinguishtwoperspectivesfocusingontheonehand
ontheEUlevelasaninitiatorandpropagatorofchangesandontheotherhandon
CEEactorsbeingresponsibleforinducingthechanges.Ontheotherspectrumthey
noticedthattwotypesoflogicexplainingsocialactionscharacteristicrespectively
oftherationalistandconstructiveschoolwereinuse:thelogicofconsequentiality
andlogicofappropriateness.Outofthesetwodimensionsthreepossiblemodelscan
beextracted:theexternalincentivemodel,sociallearningandlesson-drawing.Inthe
followingsectionwewillbrieflypresentthesemodels.
TheexternalincentivesmodelstressesthecentralityoftheEUroleinshaping
changestakingplaceinCEEcountriesandthebargainingnatureoftheprocess
(SchimmelfennigandSedelmeier2005:10).Howeversomeauthorsstressthatatfirst
the"pre-EU”Europeanisation(Lippertetal.2001)ofCEEstartedbyadaptationto
thenorms,rules,practicesofanumberofinternationalorganisationssuchasNATO,
WTO,OECD,CouncilofEurope,OSCE,theEUetc.Mostoftheseinternational
organisationscentredtheirrelationswithcandidatecountriesonasetofofficialand
unofficialconditionsofmembership.TheCouncilofEuroperequiredafunctioning
democraticsystemwithfreeelections,introductionoftheprotectionofhumanrights
andratificationofcrucialinternationalconventions.In1993theEUspelledoutthe
threewell-knownCopenhagencriteria:afunctioningdemocraticsystemwithhigh
standardsofhumanandminorityrightsprotection;functioningofthefreemarket
economybeingabletosustainthefreecompetitionpressurewithinEUcommon
market,andfinallyintroductionoftheacquiscommunautaire.Thebeginningofthe
accessionnegotiationsin1998overwhelminglydominatedthefunctioningofthe
CEEstates,andthiscanbeperceivedasafactorinitiatingthe"EUEuropeanisation”
phase.Thisprocess,duetoitsdetailedandmassiverequirementsforfuturemembers
–withtheproverbial80,000pagesofEUlaw–stronglyinfluencedapplicantcoun-
tries.Theprogresswasmonitored,andonlyafterformalfulfilmentofconditionswas
membershipgranted.