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FichteanHatingversusKantianHosting
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FichtedevelopedthecategoricalimperativeHbeyondandagainstKant”25
whileKantianthought,contrarytowhatSirIsaiahBerlinwrites,26isnot
asourceofnationalism,butofcosmopolitanism.However,onemayover-
interpretautonomy-asdidFichte-andpropoundautarchy;hencethe
postulateofDergeschlosseneHandelsstaat.AsFriedrichMeinenckeindicates
afrmatively,andGoloMannwithhorror,Fichtemovedfromcosmopoli-
tanismtonationalism:
27
fromtherightoftheegotothemightofthenation,
the(supposedly)onlytrueandoriginalnationinthecorruptworldbeing
theGermanone.IsaiahBerlinarguesthatastraightroadledfromFichtean
philosophytoaRomanticchauvinismofPrussianhistorians.Nazism,too,
abuseditwhenthephrasesofFichteenteredtheLinguaTertiiImperii.It
wasnotamatterofareceptionoftheideasofthephilosopher,butacaseof
agitpropwhichculminatedinthetitleofAlfredRosenberg’swork,Fichte
imbestenSinneeinerderUnseren.28
ApossibleremedytohostilitymaybesearchedforinKantianhospitality.
InhisworkIdeenzueinerallgemeinenGeschichteinweltbürgerlicherAbsicht,29
Kantdefinestheconditionofsubjectivity:thehumanbeingisconstituted
byHsocialasociality”(dieungeselligeGeselligkeit).Letusnotethecondensed
oppositionsjoinedintheoxymoronofKant.Dualityandcontradiction,an
lantagonism’,asKanthimselfwrites,isinscribedinsubjectivitywhichdoesnot
-itwasbroken-forherecreatedthematrixorBodenofitinactualhumanity,evenifonlyin
hisownperson.SuchwasHuber’sTikkunofphilosophy,intheageofitsmostcatastrophic
rupture;cf.EmilFackenheim,ToMendtheWorld:FoundationsofPost-HolocaustJewishTought
(Bloomington:IndianaUniversityPress,1994),276;seealso,ZacharyBraiterman,(God)
afterAuschwitz.TraditionandChangeinPost-HolocaustJewishTought(Princeton:Princeton
UniversityPress,1998).HuberwascaughtbytheGestapoandguillotined;theUniversityof
MunichhumiliatedhiminitsownwaybydeprivinghimofhisPh.D.Tatthemassmurderer
AdolfEichmannreferredtoKanthasbeennotedandanalyzedbyHannahArendtandEmil
Fackenheim.Eichmann’sgestureisbeyondme.
25
IsaiahBerlin,TeSenseofReality:StudiesinIdeasandTeirHistory(London:Chatto&Windus,
1996),175.OntheheritageofKantandNietzsche,LeszekKoczanowiczasksironicallyand
rhetorically:IsbehindthedisastersofourtimesthepedanticphilosopherofKönigsbergorthe
madclassicistofBasel?LeszekKoczanowicz,HUpioryinowoczesność,”inLęknowoczesny,34.
26
IsaiahBerlin,TeSenseofReality,232-248.
27
FriedrichMeinecke,WeltbürgertumundNationalstaat,inWerke,herausgegebenundeingeleitet
vonHansHersfeld(München:R.OldenburgVerlag,1969).GoloMann,HCosmopolitansand
Nationalists,”inTeHistoryofGermanysince1789(London:PenguinBooks,1985),67-73.
28
Cf.ReinerPesch,DiepolitischePhilosophieFichtesundihreRezeptionimNationalsozialismus
(Kassel:Philipps-Universität,1982).
29
ImmanuelKant,IdeenzueinerallgemeinenGeschichteinweltbürgerlicherAbsicht(Leipzig:
F.Meiner,1917).