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20|Chapter1.TheOtherMethodologyoftheOther
conformtoAristotelianidentity(hypokeimenon).Teinnertensionpushesus
towardsintersubjectivityandatthesametimepreventsfromit;social,wetend
towardsothers,butontheotherhand,contradictourtendency(un-).Terefore
theKantiandefinitionofthesubjectmaybeplacedbetweentheoptimist
Hhumansociability”ofMontesquieuandthebelligerentpessimismofHobbes.
Intersubjectivityisalmostimpossible:thehumanbeinglivesamong
otherswhomhecannotbear,andsimultaneously,asKantpointsout,
cannotdowithout.BothKant’sIdeenandZumEwigenFrieden30describe
theconditionoflbearing,sulering,enduringeachother’(nebeneinander
dulden).Letusrememberthetellingetymologyoftoleration:tolerare,lbear,
stand’suler,endure’;likewise,accordingtoKantthereciprocalprocessof
duldenisambiguous,plural:thenegativeandthepositiveelementoflifewith
otherscombined.Characteristically,moreoftenthannotoneemploysthe
verbslbear’,lstand’negatively:HIcannotstandthem”ratherthanHIstand
them”;isthisasignofadominantasociality?Consequently,wedonotact
hospitalityto,ifImayparaphraseArendt’sthought,ourfellowguestsofthe
world.ZumewigenFriedenpostulateshospitality,whichKantmotivatesby
thesphericalshapeoftheEarth.
TeverytitleofIdeenzueinerallgemeinenGeschichteinweltbürgerlicher
Absichtistelling:theadjectiveweltbürgerlichistobefoundhere,lofthecit-
izenoftheworld’,lcosmopolitan’.WhatisthetitularallgemeineGeschichte,
luniversal,generalhistory’?HannahArendtarguesthatHthethoughtof
progressinhistoryasawhole,andformankindasawhole,impliesdisregard
oftheparticularanddirectingone’sattention,rather,totheluniversal’(as
onefindsitinthetitleitselfofthelIdeaofaUniversal[General]History’)
inwhosecontexttheparticularmakessense.”31However,inmyreadingof
Kantatissueisaninteractionofthesingularandtheuniversal,nevertheone
withouttheother,nevertheoneprioritizedovertheother.Tecombination
30
ImmanuelKant,ZumewigenFrieden.Projetdepaixperpétuelle.Projektwieczystegopokoju,edited
byJanGarewiczandBarbaraMarkiewicz(Warszawa:WydawnictwoPolskiegoTowarzystwa
Filozoficznego,1995).AclosereadingofthisKantianworkhasbeenlatelycarriedoutby
JacquesDerrida,SeylaBenhabib,andZygmuntBauman.LeszekKoczanowiczwritesabout
theoptimismofthecosmopolitanideasoftheStoicsandofKant;LeszekKoczanowicz,Lęk
nowoczesny,212.SeealsoarecenteditionofthistreatisebytheKönigsbergphilosopherwith
extensiveinterpretiveessaysinImmanuelKant,ZumewigenFrieden,KommentarvonOliver
EberlundPeterNiesen(Berlin:Suhrkamp,2011).
31
HannahArendt,LecturesonKant)sPoliticalPhilosophy,editedandwithaninterpretativeessay
byRonaldBeiner(Chicago:TeUniversityofChicagoPress,1989),26.