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Preface
21
•
increasingindependenceinshapingthechild’sownbiography(courseofedu-
cation,courseoflife),developingandintegratingone’slifehistoryinareflexive
manner;
•
lackofchoiceofe.g.thechild’sfamilysituation;thisnecessitatesthedevelop-
mentofself-agencyadequateforthesituation;
•
aspirationtomeettheexpectationsofadults.
5
Tisconsiderableself-relianceaccentuatedintheabove-presentedfeaturesofthe
“supermodernchild”hasgotitsadvantagesbutalsoinvolvescertainthreats,such
asdegenerationoffamilybonds,lossoftraditionalauthorities,thechild’sloneli-
ness,confusioninthecriteriausedfordeterminingvaluesandintherulesofsocial
intercourse,non-fulfilmentofthechild’sneedsconnectedwithhealth,psychology
andintellectualdevelopment,sometimesalsomaterialneeds.Teblockingofsuch
needsalsohappensforthepreviouslymentionedreasons,suchasparents’unem-
ployment,poverty,divorce,prolongedabsencefromhomeduetoprofessionalmo-
bility,orlooseningoffamilybondsinbothwealthyandpoorfamilies.Deprivation
oftheabove-mentionedneedsbringsinthestatesoffrustrationandstress,whose
consequenceistheoccurrenceofstrongemotionsinchildren:fear,anxiety,anger,
andalsophysiologicalchanges,somaticdistress,troubleswithconcentration,apa-
thyoraggression,mostofendisplayedtowardspeers.
Itshouldalsobementionedthataggressivenessandinitiatinginterpersonal
conflictsbychildrenmaybeasymptomoftheirabuseinthefamily.Thereis
aprovenconnectionbetweenthephenomenonofchildabuseandthefunction-
ingofafamilyincertainsocialconditions.Unfortunately,post-modernreality
often“opensthedoorwide”tophysicalandpsychicalharmandneglectandother
formsofviolencetowardschildren.6Thegenerallyrecognizedperspectiveofun-
derstandingchildabuseinthefamilyindicatesthatsuchphenomenaandsocial
problemsasunemployment,poverty,difficultsocio-economicconditions,early
parenthood,problemswithaddictions,excessiveexpectationsweakenthequality
ofparentingandincreaselifestressconsideredtobetheprimaryriskfactorfor
thechildabuseprobleminthefamily.7
Inthecontextoftheoutlinedcharacteristicofthepost-modernfamilyitseems
righttocallit–afterS.Kawula,J.BrągielandA.Janke–the“familyofrisk”or
“dangerousfamily.”8Realizingthedifficultiesthatthemodernfamilymustcope
withweshouldaskourselvesthequestionwhatshouldbedonetotransformit
intothe“vitalfamily,”9i.e.theonefulfillingtheneedsofallitsmembers,activat-
ingtheirabilitiesandofferingchancesofself-realization.
5
W
.Danilewicz,Dzieciństwowrodziniemigracyjnej,[in:]S.Guz(ed.),Dzieckoazagrożeniawspółczesnegoświata,
Lublin2008,p.191.
6
J.Mazur,Przemocwrodzinie.Teoriairzeczywistość,Warszawa2002,p.39-40.
7
E.Jarosz,Onowychobszarachdziałańnauczycieli–zapobieganiezagrożeniomdziecistwarzanymprzezrodziców,
[in:]M.Nyczaj-Drąg,M.Głażewski(ed.),Współprzestrzenieedukacji…,op.cit.,p.116.
8
S.Kawula,J.Bragiel,A.Janke,Pedagogikarodziny,Toruń1997.
9
D.Elkind,Tiesthatstress,Cambridge,Massachusetts1995.
