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3.LABORATORYMETHODS
Laboratoriesuseavarietyofmethodologiestotestdilerentmaterials
(e.g.blood,urine,spinalfluid,andotherbodilyspecimens)that
areofinteresttothemedicalcommunity.Tounderstandlaboratory
diagnostictesting,itishelpfultohaveabasicunderstandingof
commonlyperformedlaboratorymethodsthatcanbeusedonthese
materials.
Laboratorymethodsarebasedonestablishedscientificprinciples
involvingbiology,chemistry,andphysics,andencompassallaspects
oftheclinicallaboratoryfromtestingtheamountofsugarinablood
sample,growingmicroorganismsthatmaybecausinganinfection,to
analysingone’sDNA.Frequently,theremaybemorethanonemethod
thatcanbeusedtotestforthesamesubstance.Asaconsequence,the
sameanalytemaybetesteddilerentlyindilerentlaboratories,afact
thatisveryimportantwhencomparingtestresults.
Somemethodsaremuchmorecomplexandlabour-intensivethan
othersandrequirevaryingdegreesofexpertise.Laboratoriansfollow
step-by-steptestproceduresuntilthetestresultisachieved.
Commonlyusedlaboratorymethodsandtheirvariationsareas
follows:precipitation,complementfixation(CF),latexagglutina-
tion,agglutinationinhibition,hemagglutination,electrophoresis
(immunoelectrophoresis
and
immunofixation
electrophoresis),
immunoassay(enzyme-linkedimmunosorbent
assay(ELISA)
also
knownas
anenzyme
immunoassay
(EIA)
,Westernblot,enzyme
immuno-
assay,chemiluminescentimmunoassays,fluorescentimmunoassays),
PolymeraseChainReaction(PCR),andfluorescenceinsituhybridi-
zation(FISH)*.
Task15
Readthetextabove.Checkthemeaningofthewordsinadiction-
aryorwithyourteacher.Tenfindthewordsorphraseswhich
mean:
a)środowiskomedycznelspołecznośćmedyczna
b)anality(chem.substancjewykrywaneluboznaczanewanalizowanej
próbce)
c)ustalonezasadynaukowe
d)diagnostycznebadanialaboratoryjne
e)pracochłonny,-a,-e
*AfterMosby’sManualofDiagnosticandLaboratoryTestsFifthEdition,Elsevier
Mosby2014
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