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armedconicts,ProtocolIof1977,Art.35,Act3,statesthatitis
forbiddentouseweaponswhichHcausewidespread,long-term,
andseveredamagetothenaturalenvironment”orwhichmaybe
expectedtocausesuchdamage.
ActionsonthepartofSovietscienceinthe1980sagainstthe
naturalenvironmentwerereferredtoaslecocide’
.Isecocidean
autonomousinternationalcrime?Yes.Itisaninternationalcrime
onaparwithgenocide-acrimeagainsthumanity.
Atpresentitismorelikelythatecologicalweaponsmaybeused
byvariousextremeterroristgroups.Afterthe11Septemberat-
tacksontheWorldTradeCenterinNewYorkin2001,terrorist
attacksontankers,chemicaltankers,oilplatformsorevennu-
clearpowerplantscannotberuledout.Preventativemeasures
againstsuchincidentsshouldbebasedonstrictcompliance
withtheregulationslaidoutininternationalconventionsonthe
preventionofnuclearincidentsandaccidentsandonmutual
assistanceshouldsucheventsoccur.Nuclearmaterialisexcep-
tionallywellprotectedbyamulti-levelsecuritysystemandap-
propriateprocedures.Since11September2001,thesystemhas
beenextendedtoincluderadioactivesources.Aspecialsystem
ofphysicalprotectionnowevenincludessubstancesusedin
medicine.Modernnuclearplantsarebuilttotakeaccountofthe
worstpossibleterroristattackscenarios.InPoland,theNational
AtomicEnergyAgencystrivestoprotectthepublicfromthedan-
gersassociatedwithatomicenergy.Itsupervisesallnucleartech-
nologies,notonlythosewhichservetoproduceenergy,butalso
thoseusedinradiotherapyorfordetectingleaksinpipelines.In
ordertopreventterroristattacks,strictadherencetotheregimes
laidoutintheregulationsonaccidentsandtransportofhazard-
ousmaterialsshouldbeobserved.
Asregardsthereleaseofhazardouswasteintowaterintakesta-
tionsortheoccurrenceofothersimilarscenarios,itshouldbe
clearlyindicatedthatsuchwasteshouldbetransportedand
storedincompliancewiththe1989UNBaselConventiononthe
ControlofTransboundaryMovementsofHazardousWastesand
theirDisposal.
Polandisconsideredacountryatriskofinternalandexternal
ecologicalaggression.Externalaggressionmightincludethein-
CHAPTER1.AXIOLOGICALANDPHILOSOPHICALPRINCIPLESOFENVIRONMENTALLAW…
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