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TomaszGrzegorzGrosse
concernthestrengtheningofEuropeancooperation).Anexampleoftheabovetype
wasinitiallytheSchengenAgreement(laterincorporatedintoEuropeanUnionlaw),
andrecentlytheso-calledFiscalCompact.
Currently,approximately40%ofEUlawhasbeenmadesubjecttodifferentiated
integration(SchimmelfennigandWinzen,2014:354).ThisistruemostlyoftheSingle
Market,theAreaofFreedom,SecurityandJustice(AFSJ),EMUand-toalesser
extent-theCSDPandtheCharterofFundamentalRightsoftheEU.Themajority
ofexclusionsaretemporary,thoughthescopeofpermanentderogationshasbeen
expandinggradually.Scholarsbelievethatdifferentiatedintegrationisthesubjectof
aclearupwardtrend(SchimmelfennigandWinzen,2014:359).Itischaracterisedby
aprevalentapplicationofintergovernmentalgovernanceoverCommunitysolutions
(includingasregardsthedelegationofpowerstotechnocraticinstitutions).Italso
presentsanopportunityforthelargestcountriestoincreasetheirpoliticalinfluence
(Leuffenetal.,2013:19).Thismaythereforereinforcethetrendtowardsasymmetrical
confederation.Nevertheless,someareasofdifferentiationaredual,i.e.ofbothan
intergovernmentalandCommunitynature(theEMU),whereasotheraresubjectto
gradualcommunitarisation(theAFSJ).
Thenotionofpoliticalsegmentationshouldbedefinedintheabovecontext.Itis
amannerofpermanentdifferentiationthatentailssystemicandpoliticalconsequences
forfurtherintegrationprocesses(Grosse,2015b;Ziółkowska,inthisvolume).Itsepa-
ratestheMemberStateshavingmajorsignificanceforthefurtherdevelopmentof
theEUfromthoselessinvolvedorevenexcludedfromcertaincooperationareas.
TheformercanbedefinedasthecentralMemberStatesoftheintegratingEurope,
whilethelatterformaless-influentialcircleofintegration.Duetotheirless-sustained
involvementand/orgeographicallocation,theseMemberStatescanbereferredtoas
peripheral.ThedivisionintothecentreandtheperipheryofEuropethusrefers,not
onlytoparticipationincertainEuropeanpolicies,butalsotothedegreeofstrengthin
integrationprocesses.Politicalsegmentationthuscreatesconditionsforthepermanent
categorisationofmembership(orforahierarchyofpowerbetweentheMemberStates).
ItalsoallowstheMemberStatesformingtheintegrationcoretogoverntheentireUnion
(includingitsouterintegrationcircle)andmatchestheasymmetricalconfederation
model.
Asthisterminologicaldistinctionbetweendifferentiatedintegrationandpolitical
segmentationinEuropeisconsidered,referencemaybemadetotheclassification
proposedbyFrankSchimmelfennigandThomasWinzen(2014:361-363).Theytook
noteofthedifferencebetweenuinstrumentaldifferentiation”
,whichismostoften
temporaryandreferstooperationalandtechnicalissuesrelatedtotheparticipation
ofagivencountryinparticularEuropeanpolicies,anduconstitutionaldifferentiation”
,
whichdenotespermanent(orlong-term)exclusionofthatcountryfromagivenpolicy;
andismostfrequentlyinterlinkedwiththesenseofnationalsovereignty,aswellasan
unwillingnesstocontinueparticipationinuthedeepening”ofEuropeanintegration.
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