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Introduction.EuropeanPoliciesandChangeintheEUIntegrationModel
AsIarguedabove,differentiatedintegrationmaybeatoolbywhichintegration
processesareshaped.Therefore,itisoftenusedbypoliticianstopresenttheirown
visionofthefutureoftheEU.Followingthislineofreasoning,wecanidentifythree
modelsofdifferentiatedintegration,aswellasthreedivergentapproachesofthelargest
MemberStates,wherethefutureofEuropeanintegrationisconcerned.
ThefirstprojecttoemergewasWillyBrandt’sugradualintegration”(1974),which
inspiredLeoTindemans’(1975)approach,latertermedtheumulti-speedEurope”
concept,andwhichcanalsobecalledtheavant-gardemodel.Thismodelisaforerunner
ofallapproachesthatfavourastrengtheningoftheintegrationprocessesinvolving
aselectedgroupofcountries,butontheassumptionthatothercountrieswilllater
catchup,allowingCommunityLawtobecomefullyharmonised.Differentiationis
thereforetransitionalinnatureandshouldoccuraspartoftheCommunitysystem.
Theavant-gardemodelistheclosesttotheGermanconceptofthefutureof
Europeanintegrationwithoutpermanentpoliticalsegmentation.Exclusionsareorga-
nisationalandtechnicalinnature,e.g.theyariseoutofaneedfortheeconomyof
agivencountrytoadjusttotheconditionsofEMU,andarenotpoliticalorsystemic.12
TheBritishanswertothisvisionwastheflexibleintegrationmodelreferredtoas
uálacarte.”FirstproposedbyRalfDahrendorf(1979)andlaterchampionedbyJohn
Major(1994),thisconceptassumesaminimumofharmonisation(mainlywithregard
tothesinglemarket),withvoluntaryparticipationintheremainingareasofEuropean
cooperation.Mostly,however,itisbasedonintergovernmentalrelations.Itisthus
amodelaimedathinderingtheprogressofintegrationunderstoodasthedevelopment
oftheharmonisingEuropeanUnionlawandtheCommunitymethod(whilealso
decreasingtheroleofthesupranationalinstitutions).Additionally,thismodelprevents
politicalsegmentationinEurope,precludingcleardelimitationbetweendifferent
integrationcircles.
ThethirdmodelinthedebatewasputforwardbytheFrench,anditinvolves
maximisationofpoliticalsegmentationinEurope.Theforerunnersofthisapproach
wereGérardTardy’sconceptofuvariablegeometry”(1979)andEduardBalladur’s
uconcentriccircles”theory(1994).Theessenceoftheseconceptswaspermanent
delimitationbetweentheintegrationcirclesorbetweenthecentralandperipheral
countries.Theirpurposeistoconcentratepowerinthehandsofanintegration
core,whichwouldsubsequentlyfacilitategoverningoftheentireCommunity,
includingitsoutercircle.Itissupposed,notonlytoreinstatetheeffectivenessof
Europeangovernance,butbythewayalsotoboostthewaningpowerofFrance
intheintegratingEurope.Forthesereasons,theFrenchproposalsusuallyfeature
intergovernmentalcooperationmechanisms.Incertainareas,therefore,theytend
12Itseemsthatsuchwasthenatureoftheuhard-core”conceptofWolfgangSchäubleandKarlLamers
(1994),linkedtothedebateoverEMU.ItconsideredtheemergenceofthecoreMemberStatesasatem-
porarymechanism.Cf.Ziółkowska,inthisvolume.
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