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Evolutionofcopyright–realityorillusion?
6.DIGITALUSEOFWORK–EXCURSUS
Changingthe“traditional”scopeofworkuseseemsinevitablealsoduetothespe-
cificcharacteristicsofthedigitalenvironment,whichisbecominganaturalhabitatfor
creators.
LetushavealookatArt.23(1)PCA40,whichimplementstheideaoftechnological
neutrality.Teaimoftheprovisionistoallowtheuseofworksinthedigitalenviron-
mentonpossiblysimilarrulesasintheanalogueone.Inthedigitalenvironment,and
letusconsiderpopularbrowsing,itbecomeseasiertounderstandtheneedtoseparate
twosteps:becomingacquaintedwithawebsite,andthechronologicallyprecedingact
ofitbeingmadeavailable.Sincethepassiveuseoftheworkremainsoutsidethescope
ofprotection,thereisnoreasonwhythefirstofthestepsshouldnotalsobeallowed
on-line.Tus,browsingthroughinternetpagesdidnotbecomepermittedthanksto
Art.23(1)PCA.Tisprovisionappliestotheactionsofmakingthesepagesavailable
aseachsuchactisintrinsicallylinkedtomultiplication.
Veryinterestinglegalproblemsariseinthecontextofstreaming.Teconceptof
streamingisusedtodenotetechnologytransfercontentasastreamofdatatransmitted
viatheInternettothefinaldeviceprovidingtheusertheopportunitytogetacquainted
withtheworkswithouttheneedfortheirpreservationforlongerthannecessaryto
getacquaintedwiththem.So-called“truestreaming”41isthetemporaryfixationon
auser’scomputerofcertainsegmentsoftransmitteddata,whicharethenoverwritten
bysuccessivetranches.Tereisthusnoconsolidationoftheentiresetofdatatransmit-
ted42;fromatechnicalpointofview,suchactionisnecessarytolevelswingsindata
transmissionontheInternet.Ifthereissufcientwebbandwidth,theendresultof
suchdatatransmissionrecallswatchingTVorlisteningtotheradio.Tankstothese
peculiarities,streamingisoneoftheareaswherecopyrightprinciplesarechallengedby
technology.Tebasicquestion,whichariseshere,iswhetherstreamingshouldfindits
justificationinArt.23(1)PCA.Tepremiseofreproducingtheworkbecomesprob-
lematic.Afterall,thisprovisionisonlytoapplywhenwehavetodealwithwork
multiplication(thewholeworkoritsparts,asfarastheymeettheprotectioncriteria).
Meanwhile,streamingtechnologymakesitpossibletoadjustthesizeofthemultiplied
partofthework.Asaresultofsuchactionitislikelytoachievesuchasmallsizeof
thefragment,which–eveninthelightoftheliberalcase-lawofthePolishcourts
–willnolongergiverisetodoubtsastotheabsenceofprotection.
40“Noauthor’spermissionshallberequiredfortemporaryreproduction,whicharetransient
orincidental,suchreproductionhavingnoindependenteconomicsignificancebutconstituting
anintegralandessentialpartofatechnologicalprocess,thesolepurposeofwhichistoenable:
1)transmissionofworkthroughthedatatransmissionsystembetweenthirdpartiesbyaninterme-
diary,or2)alawfuluseofawork”.
41Tereareotherdatatransfertechnologies,whicharealmostidenticalfromthepointofview
oftherecipient,eg.progressivedownload.Inthelattercaseitcomesfinallytoacompleteconsoli-
dationoftheworkontheuser’scomputer.
42T.Busch,ZururheberrechtlichenEinordnungderNutzungvonStreamingangeboten,Gewerbli-
cherRechtsschutz-undUrheberrecht2011,no6,p.496.
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