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onlysomephenomenaandexclusivelyintheholophrasticstage,
2towhichthe
principleofimitationandpositivefeedbackmightbeapplied(Ingram(1995)).
Stillharshercriticismwasengenderedwhengenerativelinguistics,emphasizing
therule-governedandcreativenatureofhumanlanguage,wasdeveloped,initiated
byChomsky’spublicationofSyntacticStructuresin1957(Chomsky(1957)).
Moreover,thebehaviouristtheorywasfiercelycriticisedbysupportersof
thedevelopmentalistapproachestofirstlanguageacquisition,suchasPiaget,
accordingtowhomlanguageistheresultofgeneralsymbolicgrowth.(Piaget
(1970),PiagetandInhelder(1966),Piaget(1952)).
BehaviourismwascriticisedseverelybyPiagetonthegroundsofits
oversimplicityandduetothefactthatitignorescompletelytheexistenceof
congenitalpotentialanddisregardsthecreativityofhumanlanguage.Instead,he
hasproposedtheconstructivistviewoflanguageacquisition,whichmeansthat
childrenareendowedwiththecapacitytoconstructtheirlanguageandthat
linguisticdevelopmentisprecededbycognitivegrowth.Thisprocessproceedsin
stages,i.e.particularphasesincognitiveandlinguisticadvancementareattained
bythechildandearlierstructuresarebuiltuponthroughinteractionwiththe
environment.Piaget’sapproachstressestheimportanceoftheperiodof
prelinguisticdevelopment(frombirthtotheageoftwo),duringwhichthe
foundationsforspeechproductionandperceptionareestablished.Thisperiodis
referredtoassensorimotorbecausethechildsolvesproblemsbymeansofits
sensorysystemsandmotoractivity.Thistermalsoimpliesthatthechildderives
understandingoftheworldsolelyfromhisactionpatternsassociatedwithobjects.
Forexample,instage3ofthesensorimotorperiod,calledsecondary
circularreactions,theappearanceofantecedentstolaterclassesofconceptscan
beobserved.Piaget(1952:234)argues:[ł]thesecondaryschemataconstitute
thefirstoutlineofwhatwillbecomeclassesorconceptsofreflexiveintelligence:
perceivinganobjectassomethingtoshake,rub,etc.Thesearethefirst
foundationsofthelaterclassificationofobjectsandtheircharacteristicfeatures,
whichwillberesponsibleforestablishingtheconceptofthepartsofspeech.
Stillanotherdevelopmenttakingplacealsointheprelinguisticperiodand
essentialforthelateremergenceofspeechisobjectpermanence.Thisnotionis
definedasthechild’sawarenessofthefactthatobjectscontinuetoexist
althoughtheyarenolongerseen.Itshowsthattheinfant’srelianceonsymbols
becomesmoreandmoreadvancedandgraduallyreplaceshissensorimotor
schemata.Onlywhenthechildiscognitivelymatureenough,isitcapableof
acquiringitsnativelanguage.
2Holophrasticspeechconsistsofone-wordutterances;thatis,holophraseswhichfunctionas
acomplexideaorasentence.Forexample,theintendedmeaningoftheholophrasemilkmaybe
‘Givemesomemilk’(Dale(1975)).
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