Glass bead trade in Northeast Africa

Joanna Then-Obłuska, Barbara Wagner

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ISBN/ISSN:

978-83-235-3907-0

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323539070

Wydawnictwo:

Uniwersytet Warszawski

Rok wydania:

2019

Liczba stron:

317

XML:ISBN/ISSN:

ONIX MARC21

Bibliografia:

Then-Obłuska, Joanna; Wagner, Barbara. Glass bead trade in Northeast Africa. Red. . Warszawa: Uniwersytet Warszawski, 2019, 317 s. ISBN 978-83-235-3907-0, doi: https://doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323539070

Bibliografia refWorks:

RT Book, Whole

SR Electronic(1)

A1 Then-Obłuska, J.

A1 Wagner, B.

T1 Glass bead trade in Northeast Africa

PB Uniwersytet Warszawski

PP Warszawa

YR 2019

SN 978-83-235-3907-0

DOI https://doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323539070

Bibliografia BibTex:

@Book{ 208409, author = "Then-Obłuska, Joanna and Wagner, Barbara", editor = "", title = "Glass bead trade in Northeast Africa", publisher = "Uniwersytet Warszawski", year = "2019", address = "Warszawa", isbn = "978-83-235-3907-0", doi = "https://doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323539070" }

Bibliografia endNote:

TY - BOOK

AU - Then-Obłuska, Joanna

AU - Wagner, Barbara

ED -

TI - Glass bead trade in Northeast Africa

PB - Uniwersytet Warszawski

CY - Warszawa

PY - 2019

SN - 978-83-235-3907-0

ER -

DOI - https://doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323539070

Netografia (standard APA):

Then-Obłuska, Joanna; Wagner, Barbara. Glass bead trade in Northeast Africa [baza danych online] Warszawa: Uniwersytet Warszawski, 2019 [dostęp: 06 09 2024]. Dostęp w Ibuk Libra: https://libra.ibuk.pl/reader/glass-bead-trade-in-northeast-africa-joanna-then-obluska-barbara-208409. doi: https://doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323539070

glass beads, Meroitic and late Antique Nubia, trade in antiquity, glass manufacturing, chemical composition, provenance study

Strings of colorful glass beads were a popular commodity traded throughout ancient Nubia in the earlier half of the first millennium AD. Combining macroscopic examination with laboratory analyses, the author breaks new ground in Nubian studies, es...

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ISBN/ISSN:

978-83-235-3907-0

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323539070

Wydawnictwo:

Uniwersytet Warszawski

Rok wydania:

2019

Liczba stron:

317

XML:ISBN/ISSN:

ONIX MARC21

Acknowledgements7
Introduction9
Chapter 1: . Nubia in the Meroitic and post-Meroitic periods11
Chapter 2: Beads in Meroitic and post-Meroitic cultures: iconographic and contextual overview15
Chapter 3: Collections and archaeological contexts17
Chapter 4: Morphological description of glass samples25
Introduction25
Techniques, provenance, parallels, and dating 25 Conclusions37
Chapter 5: Chemistry of glass beads101
Introduction101
Method of analysis ( by Barbara Wagner)102
Results107
Discussion of provenance of glass groups and subgroups160
Conclusions164
Chapter 6: Discussion of the glass groups and beads produced167
Chapter 7: Trade contacts in Northeast Africa175
Introduction175
Trade hubs, routes and operators in Northeast Africa175
The Nubian trade177
The bead trade179
Chapter 8: Conclusions187
Catalog189
The SJE collection190
The SNM collection214
The MAP collection240
The MNW collection252
Parallels257
Abbreviations and references299
List of figures, tables and plates312

JoannaThen-Obłuska

bells,aswellasstone,clay,wooden,boneand

ivoryobjects,leathersandals,stringsandcords,

bags,quivers,saddles,andshroudcovers,bas-

ketry,textiles,andglassvessels.Potteryandbead

ﬁndsdeﬁnitelydominatedthegraveassemblages.

Beadadornmentswerefoundwithchild,female

andmaleindividuals,regardlessofageandsex.

Thebeadsweremostlyfoundloose,scatteredor

inheaps,butincertaincasestheywerefound

partlystrung.Necklacesandbraceletsarethe

mainbeadworktypes(Säve-Söderbergh1981:41,

47-48).Inonetomb,315beadsandtwolumpsof

glasswerefoundinacompactmassofleatherthat

mayhavebeenabag(Säve-Söderbergh1981:38,

Object19/1:15).Thebeadsfoundingraveswere

madeofavarietyofmaterials,includingorganics

likeRedSeamolluskshells,ostricheggshell,and

stones(e.g.,carnelian,quartz,agate),andinor-

ganicmaterialslikefaienceorglazedcomposites,

glassandmetal-in-glass(Säve-Söderbergh1981:

39-48;Then-Obłuska2018d).

3.3SNM

TheSudanNationalMuseum(SNM)collection

ofbeadsusedinthisstudyconsistsofmaterial

excavatedbyseveralmissionsworkinginSudan:

SectionFrançaisedelaDirectiondesAntiquités

duSoudan(SFDAS)atSedeinga(SNM01-SNM25)

andSai(SNM26-SNM34),theNationalCorpora-

tionofAntiquitiesandMuseums(NCAM)atBer-

ber(SNM35-SNM54),theHarvardUniversityand

MuseumofFineArtsinBostonatMeroë(SNM

55-SNM57),theOrientalInstituteMuseum,Uni-

versityofChicagoatDorginarti(SNM58-SNM59),

andthePolishCentreofMediterraneanArchaeol-

ogyUniversityofWarsaw(PCMAUW)andNCAM

atel-Zuma(SNM60-SNM74).Therefore,thecol-

lectionencompassesarchaeologicalsitescovering

almostthewholerangeoftheNubianNileValley,

startingwiththeMeroiticgravesatDorginarti,

betweentheFirstandSecondCataracts,continu-

ingthroughMeroiticSaiandSedeingabetween

theSecondandThirdCataracts,thenLatepost-

Meroiticel-ZumabetweentheThirdandFourth

Cataracts,andﬁnally,theMeroitic-periodBer-

berandMeroëuptheNilebetweentheFifthand

SixthCataracts.Thesitesmentionedaboveare

presentedbelowinageographicalsequencefol-

lowingfromnorthtosouth.

Dorginartiisanislandfortressatthefootof

theSecondCataractoftheNile.Itwasexcavated

fromJanuarythroughJuneof1964,afterwhich

therisingwatersbehindthenewHighDamat

Aswanmadefurtherworkimpossible.Excavations

atDorginartiwereconductedbytheOrientalIn-

stituteNubianExpeditionunderthedirectionof

JamesKnudstadandRichardH.Pierce(e.g.,Knud-

stad1966).Theremainsoftheearlyfortweredat-

edbyLisaA.Heidorn(1992;2013;forthcoming)

totheThirdIntermediatePeriod,whilethelatest

occupationdatestotheSaite,orNapatan,period.

Thefortresswassituatedclosetothesteepnorth-

ernbanksoftheisland(Heidorn2013).Thebeads

werefoundin10intrusiveMeroiticgravescon-

tainingtwelveindividuals.Whilethemajorityof

beadsfromtheOINEexcavationsisstoredinthe

OrientalInstituteMuseum,somespecimenswere

leftintheSNM.AgroupofbeadsfromMeroitic

childburialNo.3weredividedbetweenthetwo

museums.Twooftheglassbeadsfromthisburial

aresamplesinthisstudy(SNM58-SNM59).

SaiIslandislocatedbetweentheSecondand

theThirdCataracts,southofthebarren,rocky

areaknownastheBatnal-Hagar.Itisamong

thelargestNileislands,measuring12kmnorth

tosouthand5.5kmeasttowest.From1993until

2005,theexcavationsoftheUniversitédeLille3

andtheSFDASoperatedatcemeteries8-B-5.A,

8-B-32and8-B-52.BunderthedirectionofFran-

cisGeus(1995;1998;2002;2006).Atalaterdate,

itwasunderthedirectionofDidierDevauchelle

(e.g.,DoyenandDevauchelle2012),andatpresent

itisunderthesupervisionofVincentFrancigny

(e.g.,2009;2010;2014).Between1996and2010,

morethan3400beadswereuncoveredatsites8-B-

5.A,8-B-32and8-B-52.B.Theyhavebeenpub-

lishedinaseparatepaper(Then-Obłuska2016c).

Thebeadsampleusedinthisstudycomes

fromcemetery8-B-5.A,season2011.Thiswas

acemeteryoftheeliteatSai,andwasestablished

aroundthe1stcenturyAD,tobeusedthroughan

estimatedbeginningofthe4thcenturyAD.Dates

forMeroiticSaihavealreadybeenveriﬁedthrough

ceramicstudies(David2010).Tombsincemetery

8-B-5.A,asinotherMeroiticNubianelitecem-

eteries,havesmallbrickpyramidstoppedwith

lotus-shapedcapstones.Smallchapelsontheir

easternsideswereequippedwithstonesteles,of-

feringtables,andba-birdstatues.Funeraryste-

lasindicateconnectionswiththeinhabitantsof

KaranoginLowerNubia,theseatofthepeshto-

viceroy(Rilly2008).TheimportanceofSaiinthe

northernMeroiticstateisfurtherdemonstrated

bytheMeroitictempletherewithitscolumn

capitalsbearingthenamesofMeroiticroyalty,

thatis,Amanitore,Natakamani,andoneoftheir

sons,anditscolumndrumsdecoratedwithmotifs

PAMMonographSeries10

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Glass bead trade in Northeast Africa

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