Glass bead trade in Northeast Africa

Joanna Then-Obłuska, Barbara Wagner

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ISBN/ISSN:

978-83-235-3907-0

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323539070

Wydawnictwo:

Uniwersytet Warszawski

Rok wydania:

2019

Liczba stron:

317

XML:ISBN/ISSN:

ONIX MARC21

Bibliografia:

Then-Obłuska, Joanna; Wagner, Barbara. Glass bead trade in Northeast Africa. Red. . Warszawa: Uniwersytet Warszawski, 2019, 317 s. ISBN 978-83-235-3907-0, doi: https://doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323539070

Bibliografia refWorks:

RT Book, Whole

SR Electronic(1)

A1 Then-Obłuska, J.

A1 Wagner, B.

T1 Glass bead trade in Northeast Africa

PB Uniwersytet Warszawski

PP Warszawa

YR 2019

SN 978-83-235-3907-0

DOI https://doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323539070

Bibliografia BibTex:

@Book{ 208409, author = "Then-Obłuska, Joanna and Wagner, Barbara", editor = "", title = "Glass bead trade in Northeast Africa", publisher = "Uniwersytet Warszawski", year = "2019", address = "Warszawa", isbn = "978-83-235-3907-0", doi = "https://doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323539070" }

Bibliografia endNote:

TY - BOOK

AU - Then-Obłuska, Joanna

AU - Wagner, Barbara

ED -

TI - Glass bead trade in Northeast Africa

PB - Uniwersytet Warszawski

CY - Warszawa

PY - 2019

SN - 978-83-235-3907-0

ER -

DOI - https://doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323539070

Netografia (standard APA):

Then-Obłuska, Joanna; Wagner, Barbara. Glass bead trade in Northeast Africa [baza danych online] Warszawa: Uniwersytet Warszawski, 2019 [dostęp: 31 07 2024]. Dostęp w Ibuk Libra: https://libra.ibuk.pl/reader/glass-bead-trade-in-northeast-africa-joanna-then-obluska-barbara-208409. doi: https://doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323539070

glass beads, Meroitic and late Antique Nubia, trade in antiquity, glass manufacturing, chemical composition, provenance study

Strings of colorful glass beads were a popular commodity traded throughout ancient Nubia in the earlier half of the first millennium AD. Combining macroscopic examination with laboratory analyses, the author breaks new ground in Nubian studies, es...

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ISBN/ISSN:

978-83-235-3907-0

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323539070

Wydawnictwo:

Uniwersytet Warszawski

Rok wydania:

2019

Liczba stron:

317

XML:ISBN/ISSN:

ONIX MARC21

Acknowledgements7
Introduction9
Chapter 1: . Nubia in the Meroitic and post-Meroitic periods11
Chapter 2: Beads in Meroitic and post-Meroitic cultures: iconographic and contextual overview15
Chapter 3: Collections and archaeological contexts17
Chapter 4: Morphological description of glass samples25
Introduction25
Techniques, provenance, parallels, and dating 25 Conclusions37
Chapter 5: Chemistry of glass beads101
Introduction101
Method of analysis ( by Barbara Wagner)102
Results107
Discussion of provenance of glass groups and subgroups160
Conclusions164
Chapter 6: Discussion of the glass groups and beads produced167
Chapter 7: Trade contacts in Northeast Africa175
Introduction175
Trade hubs, routes and operators in Northeast Africa175
The Nubian trade177
The bead trade179
Chapter 8: Conclusions187
Catalog189
The SJE collection190
The SNM collection214
The MAP collection240
The MNW collection252
Parallels257
Abbreviations and references299
List of figures, tables and plates312

Chapter3-Collectionsandarchaeologicalcontexts

ofNilegodsandoHerings,asintheGraeco-

-RomantempleatDakkainLowerNubia(Fran-

cigny2015).Thisdemonstratestheinterconnec-

tionbetweenthesetwoareasduringthe1stcen-

turyAD.

TheassemblageofSaibeadsandpendants

ischaracterizedbyavarietyofmaterials,tech-

niques,andshapesthatcontributesigniﬁcantlyto

acomparativestudyofMeroiticbeadcollections

(Then-Obłuska2016c).Alongsideobjectsalready

identiﬁedatothersites,richlyimbuedwithvisi-

bleEgyptianandGreekinﬂuences,theSaiassem-

blagecontributessomenewbeadtypes.Moreo-

ver,thebeadswereontheiroriginalstringsand

conﬁrmknownbeadpatternsusedoveralong

timebetweenthe1stand4thcenturiesADwhen

thecemeterieswereinuse(Then-Obłuska2016c).

SedeingaislocatedbetweentheSecondand

ThirdCataracts,ontheleftbankoftheNile,about

30kmsouthofSaiisland.Sedeingaisasigniﬁcant

siteintheAbri-DelgoReachoftheNile,holding

remainsofaNewKingdomtempleandtown,and

bothNapatanandMeroiticsettlementremains

andcemeterieswithpyramidaltombs(Labrousse

1994a;1994b;SchiHGiorgini1965).Sedeinga’s

locationisclosetoanimportanttraderoute,to-

dayknownasthe“FortyDaysRoad”

.Ittakesthe

sameroutetoEgyptastheancientMeroiticroad

andpassesrightbythecemetery.Mostgravesat

Sedeingawerelootedinantiquity,butexcavations

havestillyieldedanumberofartifacts,includ-

ingagroupofglassvessels.Themostimpressive

wereﬂutedvesselsinblueglasswithpaintedand

gildedﬁguresandGreektexts.Theyaresimilar

instyleandtechniquetoothermaterialfromthe

RomanEmpireandwereundoubtedlyahighly

prizedimport(Morkot2012:Fig.149).Alsofound

atthesiteweresilverringswithbezels,onewith

aSilenusheadandanothersetwithacarvedag-

atecarryingaproﬁleoftheheadofSerapissur-

roundedbysevenstarsorplanets.Thenatureof

thematerialfromthecemeteriesshowsthatlocal

elitesmayhaveplayedanimportantroleintrade

(Morkot2012:328).

Frencharchaeologistshaveexposedthere-

mainsof35small,erodedpyramids.Thebead

andpendantsamplesinthisstudywerefoundat

SedeingaduringtherecentSFDASexcavationsin

2009-2014,directedbyClaudeRillyandVincent

Francigny(2010;2011;2012;2013).The3400beads

andpendantsfromSectorIIofthecemetery

(Then-Obłuska2015a)camefrom31tombswith

multipleburialsandin13surfacecollections.The

tombshavebeenascribedtotheLateNapatan

andMeroiticperiods,about400BC-AD300(Rilly

andFrancigny2013).Manybeadswerefoundin

disturbedcontextsinlootedtombs,although

somebeadswerestillpreservedintheiroriginal

position.Thechronological,geographical,and

politicalsituationofthesitemadethebeadas-

semblageexceptionallyrichasregardsusageof

variedorganicandinorganicmaterials,aswellas

evidencefortechnologiesusedtoproducetheob-

jects.Duringaperioddominatedbyfaienceand

glassinbeadassemblages,theuseoforganicsand

stonesindicatesstronglinkswiththeneighboring

Nubiandeserts,anoverlandconnectionwiththe

RedSeacoast,and,surprisingly,aninterestinthe

resourcesoftheNileRiver(Then-Obłuska2015a).

El-ZumaliesbetweentheThirdandFourth

CataractsinUpperNubia.TheDongolaReach,as

thiszoneisdesignated,occupiesastrategicpo-

sitioncontrollingthenorth-southandeast-west

desertroads,aswellastheriverinecommunica-

tionroutes.Connectionsbetweentheareaand

thehinterlandtothesoutheast,southandwest

havealwaysfollowedthewidyan(sing.wadi)that

facilitateddesertcrossingsfortradecaravans

throughtheBayudaDeserttotheShendiReach

viaWadiAbuDom,ortothesouthweststeppes

ofKordofanviaWadiel-MuqaddamandWadiel-

Malik,andtothewestviaWadiHowarandonto

Darfur(El-Tayeb2012:15).Excavationsatel-Zuma

areconductedbythePolishCentreofMediterra-

neanArchaeology(PCMA)andNationalCorpo-

rationforAntiquitiesandMuseums(NCAM)un-

derthedirectionofMahmoudEl-Tayeb(2012and

referencestherein;2017andreferences).Thesite

wasdatedtothelatepost-Meroiticperiod,other-

wisecalledtheLatePhaseoftheEarlyMakuria

period,aboutAD450-550.

Between2005and2017,morethan1500ob-

jectsofpersonaladornmentwereexcavated

from21heavilyrobbedtumuli(Then-Obłuska

2016d;2017d).Theremainsofpersonaladorn-

ments(beads,pendants,earrings,chains,anda

ring),royalregalia(cabochonsandsettings),and

decorateditems(metalsheets,ivoryintarsiaand

gamingpieces)dominatetheassemblagesfrom

threelarge,partlyexcavatedtumuli,Z1,Z4,and

Z7.Apartfrombeadsmadeofavarietyofmateri-

als(marinemolluskshell,coral,ostricheggshell,

faience,stone),allofwhichwereprobablylocally

produced,theremainingitemswereglassbead

importsfromboththeMediterraneanandSri

Lanka/SouthIndia.Furthermore,manydecorat-

edobjectsandthetechniquesusedtomakethem

ﬁndparallelsintheeliteNobadiancemeteries

PAMMonographSeries10

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