Glass bead trade in Northeast Africa

Joanna Then-Obłuska, Barbara Wagner

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ISBN/ISSN:

978-83-235-3907-0

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323539070

Wydawnictwo:

Uniwersytet Warszawski

Rok wydania:

2019

Liczba stron:

317

XML:ISBN/ISSN:

ONIX MARC21

Bibliografia:

Then-Obłuska, Joanna; Wagner, Barbara. Glass bead trade in Northeast Africa. Red. . Warszawa: Uniwersytet Warszawski, 2019, 317 s. ISBN 978-83-235-3907-0, doi: https://doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323539070

Bibliografia refWorks:

RT Book, Whole

SR Electronic(1)

A1 Then-Obłuska, J.

A1 Wagner, B.

T1 Glass bead trade in Northeast Africa

PB Uniwersytet Warszawski

PP Warszawa

YR 2019

SN 978-83-235-3907-0

DOI https://doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323539070

Bibliografia BibTex:

@Book{ 208409, author = "Then-Obłuska, Joanna and Wagner, Barbara", editor = "", title = "Glass bead trade in Northeast Africa", publisher = "Uniwersytet Warszawski", year = "2019", address = "Warszawa", isbn = "978-83-235-3907-0", doi = "https://doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323539070" }

Bibliografia endNote:

TY - BOOK

AU - Then-Obłuska, Joanna

AU - Wagner, Barbara

ED -

TI - Glass bead trade in Northeast Africa

PB - Uniwersytet Warszawski

CY - Warszawa

PY - 2019

SN - 978-83-235-3907-0

ER -

DOI - https://doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323539070

Netografia (standard APA):

Then-Obłuska, Joanna; Wagner, Barbara. Glass bead trade in Northeast Africa [baza danych online] Warszawa: Uniwersytet Warszawski, 2019 [dostęp: 06 09 2024]. Dostęp w Ibuk Libra: https://libra.ibuk.pl/reader/glass-bead-trade-in-northeast-africa-joanna-then-obluska-barbara-208409. doi: https://doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323539070

glass beads, Meroitic and late Antique Nubia, trade in antiquity, glass manufacturing, chemical composition, provenance study

Strings of colorful glass beads were a popular commodity traded throughout ancient Nubia in the earlier half of the first millennium AD. Combining macroscopic examination with laboratory analyses, the author breaks new ground in Nubian studies, es...

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ISBN/ISSN:

978-83-235-3907-0

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323539070

Wydawnictwo:

Uniwersytet Warszawski

Rok wydania:

2019

Liczba stron:

317

XML:ISBN/ISSN:

ONIX MARC21

Acknowledgements7
Introduction9
Chapter 1: . Nubia in the Meroitic and post-Meroitic periods11
Chapter 2: Beads in Meroitic and post-Meroitic cultures: iconographic and contextual overview15
Chapter 3: Collections and archaeological contexts17
Chapter 4: Morphological description of glass samples25
Introduction25
Techniques, provenance, parallels, and dating 25 Conclusions37
Chapter 5: Chemistry of glass beads101
Introduction101
Method of analysis ( by Barbara Wagner)102
Results107
Discussion of provenance of glass groups and subgroups160
Conclusions164
Chapter 6: Discussion of the glass groups and beads produced167
Chapter 7: Trade contacts in Northeast Africa175
Introduction175
Trade hubs, routes and operators in Northeast Africa175
The Nubian trade177
The bead trade179
Chapter 8: Conclusions187
Catalog189
The SJE collection190
The SNM collection214
The MAP collection240
The MNW collection252
Parallels257
Abbreviations and references299
List of figures, tables and plates312

Chapter3-Collectionsandarchaeologicalcontexts

fragmentsoftwotypesoffacebeadsfromW308

(SNM55-SNM57),keptintheSudanNational

MuseuminSudan(Liu2014:44),wasgenerously

grantedforthisstudy.

3.4MAPandMNW

In2003,thePolishCentreofMediterraneanAr-

chaeologyUniversityofWarsaw(PCMA),togeth-

erwiththeArchaeologicalMuseuminPoznań

(MAP),joinedtheinternationalMeroweDam

ArchaeologicalSalvageProject,asalvageopera-

tiontoinvestigateandrecordarchaeologicalsites

alongtheriverfromtheproposedhighdamin

theFourthCataractregion,whichwasplannedto

extendover170kmupstreamfrommodern-day

Karima.Forﬁveyears,Dr.BogdanŻurawskifrom

thePolishAcademyofSciences,Dr.Mahmoud

El-TayebfromtheUniversityofWarsawand

Dr.MarekChłodnickifromthePoznańArchaeo-

logicalMuseumexamineda45-km-longbelton

theleftbankoftheNileintheeasternmostpart

oftheFourthCataractbetweenShemkhiyaand

KhorUmmGhizlan,includingtheislandsofSaﬃ

andUli,aswellastheChristianstrongholdofDar

el-Arab.Thesurveyzonecoveredtherivervalley

ontheleftbankandtheadjacentdesertextend-

ingbetweenthesaidlocalities(Krzyżaniaketal.

2005;Chłodnicki2007;Chłodnickietal.2007;

Żurawski2007a;2007b;2008;2010).

ThePolishwereabletorecreatesettlement

patternsandreconstructthematerialhistoryof

thisregionfromtheirexaminationofnearly500

tombsrepresentingarangeoftimeperiodsandof

manydiHerentsettlementsites,includingthree

strongholds.Altogether1200archaeologicalsites

weredescribed,photographedandotherwise

documented.Atthebeginningof2010everything

thathadbeenexcavatedbythesevariousmissions

wastransferredtothemuseuminKarimaandan

oﬃcialdivisionofﬁndsawardedhalftheﬁnds

tothePolishside.TheMAPandMNWreceived

potteryvessels,adecoratedbronzecup,bronze

arrowheadsandspearheads,stonearchers’rings,

bronzeandsilverringsandbracelets,andﬁnally

manydozensofsmallbeadsmadeofostrichegg-

shell,faience,glass,quartz,carnelianandother

stonesthathadbeenrestrungintovariousneck-

lacesandbracelets.TheLateMeroiticandpost-

Meroiticobjectswereexcavatedatel-Sadda,Saﬃ,

Hagarel-Beida,UmmSaHaya,el-Gamamiya,el-Ar,

Shemkhiya,Musa,Ashkot,andDarel-Arab.Some

ofthemarebarelymentionedintheexcavation

reports,butthesitesarepresentedbelow.

El-Sadda1,themostimportantpost-Meroit-

ictumuluscemeteryinthePCMAconcession,is

locatedonavastplainontherightsideofKhor

UmmGhizlan,andwasexcavatedbetween2005

and2007(thePCMAandMAPwerejoinedbythe

PatrimoniumFoundationintheexcavationeHort)

(Chłodnicki2007:207-208;Osypiński2007).The

siteencompassed74superstructuresclusteredin

sixgroups,aswellastombswithmoundsthatap-

pearedtobecompletelydestroyedorhadnever

existedintheﬁrstplace;ofthese,26tumuliand

threeﬂat-toppedgraveswereexamined.Tomb

T.79hadaverydeep,slightlytrapezoidalshaftand

avastchamberwithanentrancesubdividedbya

pillarinthemiddle.Ithadbeenplunderedand

allthatremainedoftheskeletonandgravegoods

layinthesouthernpartofthechamber:animal

bones,beadsoffaience,stoneandglass,aswell

asaringmadeeitherofbronzeorofpoor-quality

silver.Thehumanbonesweregreatlydisturbed

anddepositedbythewestwallofthechamber.In

thesandyﬁlloftheplunderedshaft,largepottery

sherdswererecordedtogetherwithfragmentsof

woolencord,probablytheremainsofaclothin

whichthebodyhadbeenwrapped(Osypiński

2007;2010).Thepresentstudysampled14beads

fromfouroftheLateMeroitictopost-Meroit-

ictumuli,includingtheonedescribedabove

(T.18,T.33,T.69,T.79)(MAP01-MAP06,MAP18-

MAP25).

Hagarel-Beida1cemetery,locatedinthe

vicinityofthehousesofHagarel-Beidavillage,

consistsof14largetumuli(10-20mindiameter)

oftheLateMeroitic/post-Meroitictransitionor

post-Meroiticperiods.Amongthemisa“royaltu-

mulus”

,T.10,measuring32mindiameterand6

minheight.Allthegraveshadbeenplundered

inancienttimes,leavingbehindasmatteringof

gravegoods.Theburialchamberwaslinedwith

bricksandfurnishedwithabrick-linedshaft.A

2-m-highkerbsurroundedthegravestructure,

whichwassubsequentlycoveredwithamound

reaching5minheight.Themainchamberstill

containedthreeceramicpots,threecopperalloy

bowls—twowithamasterfullotus-ﬂowerorna-

ment—aladle-potandasmallcup,aswellasa

dozenironarrowheadsofdiHerenttypes.Scarce

humanskeletalremainswerefound.Otherﬁnds

fromtheﬁllincludedcopper-alloyringsandbeads

offaience,quartz,agateandglass.Thegravecould

beattributedtopost-Meroitictimes,butatleast

partofthegraveandequipmentwasofMeroitic

date.TheHagarel-Beidatumuluswasbuiltinthe

Darel-Manasirregion,farfromanyknowncenter

PAMMonographSeries10

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