Glass bead trade in Northeast Africa

Joanna Then-Obłuska, Barbara Wagner

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ISBN/ISSN:

978-83-235-3907-0

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323539070

Wydawnictwo:

Uniwersytet Warszawski

Rok wydania:

2019

Liczba stron:

317

XML:ISBN/ISSN:

ONIX MARC21

Bibliografia:

Then-Obłuska, Joanna; Wagner, Barbara. Glass bead trade in Northeast Africa. Red. . Warszawa: Uniwersytet Warszawski, 2019, 317 s. ISBN 978-83-235-3907-0, doi: https://doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323539070

Bibliografia refWorks:

RT Book, Whole

SR Electronic(1)

A1 Then-Obłuska, J.

A1 Wagner, B.

T1 Glass bead trade in Northeast Africa

PB Uniwersytet Warszawski

PP Warszawa

YR 2019

SN 978-83-235-3907-0

DOI https://doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323539070

Bibliografia BibTex:

@Book{ 208409, author = "Then-Obłuska, Joanna and Wagner, Barbara", editor = "", title = "Glass bead trade in Northeast Africa", publisher = "Uniwersytet Warszawski", year = "2019", address = "Warszawa", isbn = "978-83-235-3907-0", doi = "https://doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323539070" }

Bibliografia endNote:

TY - BOOK

AU - Then-Obłuska, Joanna

AU - Wagner, Barbara

ED -

TI - Glass bead trade in Northeast Africa

PB - Uniwersytet Warszawski

CY - Warszawa

PY - 2019

SN - 978-83-235-3907-0

ER -

DOI - https://doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323539070

Netografia (standard APA):

Then-Obłuska, Joanna; Wagner, Barbara. Glass bead trade in Northeast Africa [baza danych online] Warszawa: Uniwersytet Warszawski, 2019 [dostęp: 06 09 2024]. Dostęp w Ibuk Libra: https://libra.ibuk.pl/reader/glass-bead-trade-in-northeast-africa-joanna-then-obluska-barbara-208409. doi: https://doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323539070

glass beads, Meroitic and late Antique Nubia, trade in antiquity, glass manufacturing, chemical composition, provenance study

Strings of colorful glass beads were a popular commodity traded throughout ancient Nubia in the earlier half of the first millennium AD. Combining macroscopic examination with laboratory analyses, the author breaks new ground in Nubian studies, es...

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ISBN/ISSN:

978-83-235-3907-0

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323539070

Wydawnictwo:

Uniwersytet Warszawski

Rok wydania:

2019

Liczba stron:

317

XML:ISBN/ISSN:

ONIX MARC21

Acknowledgements7
Introduction9
Chapter 1: . Nubia in the Meroitic and post-Meroitic periods11
Chapter 2: Beads in Meroitic and post-Meroitic cultures: iconographic and contextual overview15
Chapter 3: Collections and archaeological contexts17
Chapter 4: Morphological description of glass samples25
Introduction25
Techniques, provenance, parallels, and dating 25 Conclusions37
Chapter 5: Chemistry of glass beads101
Introduction101
Method of analysis ( by Barbara Wagner)102
Results107
Discussion of provenance of glass groups and subgroups160
Conclusions164
Chapter 6: Discussion of the glass groups and beads produced167
Chapter 7: Trade contacts in Northeast Africa175
Introduction175
Trade hubs, routes and operators in Northeast Africa175
The Nubian trade177
The bead trade179
Chapter 8: Conclusions187
Catalog189
The SJE collection190
The SNM collection214
The MAP collection240
The MNW collection252
Parallels257
Abbreviations and references299
List of figures, tables and plates312

JoannaThen-Obłuska

about7mmindiameter.Exampleswerealso

foundinMeroiticgravesatSaiandSedeinga

(Then-Obłuska2015a;2016c).

4.2.1.4.3Largecompoundcolorless

Unlikeexamplesaboveandbelow,somelarge

specimensaremadeoftwoverythicktranspar-

enttubes,theinneronesetintotheouterone

andthensegmented(MAP14,MAP22,MNW05,

MNW06,MNW10).Theinnertubecanbemuch

smallerindiameterthantheouterone,whichre-

sultsinagapbetweenthem.Thelayershappento

bedarkincolorandthisgivestheimpressionof

ametal-in-glassbead[Pls9-12],buttheyusually

lackametal-foillayer.Theymeasureabout10mm

indiameter.Largemetal-in-glassbeadsortheir

imitationsappearmainlyinlateMeroiticassem-

blagesinUpperNubia(Then-Obłuska2014a:Pl.

2.154).Onlyafewspecimenshavebeenfoundin

LowerNubia[Table4-7].

4.2.1.5METAL-IN-GLASS

Metal-in-glassbeadsweremadeoftwocolorless

glasslayerswithgoldorsilverfoilinbetween,so

theyarecalledgold-orsilver-in-glass,orsand-

wichbeads.Theycouldbesimple-bodiedorad-

ditionallyshaped(forallthevarietiesfoundinthe

samplecollection.seebelow).

4.2.1.5.1Small

Smallsingle-(SJE64,SNM45)anddouble-seg-

mentbeadsexemplifythegold-in-glasstype

(SJE42,SNM26),featuringsimilarthicknessesof

theouterandinnerglasslayers.Smallsingle-and

multiple-segmentgold-in-glassbeadsaretypical

ofMeroiticassemblagesinNubia[Table4-8].Al-

thoughSJE42wasfoundinapost-Meroiticgrave,

itbelongstoaMeroitictype,asseenbytheexam-

pleinaMeroiticgraveatAbka(SJE250/24:3).The

beadsmeasurelessthan5mmindiameter.

Smallsilver-in-glasssingle-segmentbeads

alsofeatureasimilarthicknessofthetwoglass

layers(SJE35,SJE57).SJE57comesfromapost-

Meroiticgrave,althoughthegravecontained

otherreusedMeroiticbeads.Smallsilver-in-

glassbeadsaretypicallyfoundinMeroiticgraves

(SJE416/23:1c,Abka;BMCT17-253/6,11beads)

[Pl.13.1-2].Thebeadsmeasurelessthan5mmin

diameter.

4.2.1.5.2Large

Largerglobulargold-in-glassbeads(SJE40,

SNM36,SNM41)featureamuchthickerinner

layerwithathinnerouterone.Theywerevery

commoninMeroiticgravesatBerber(BMCT09-

87/5,ﬁvebeads,BMCT12-22/1,18beads,BMC

T27-266/9,36beadsandninehalves,BMCT31-

259/4,17beads,BMCT31-259/5,22beadsandtwo

halves,BMCT33-256/2,threebeads,BMCT01-

12/1,38beadsandeighthalves,BMCT33-256/2,

199beadsandtwohalves)[Pls14-16].Theymeas-

ureabout7mmto10mmindiameter.

Alargesilver-in-glassdrawnandsegmented

bead(MAP13)partlylacksthemetalfoil.Silver-

in-glassbeadsarefoundinlateMeroitic,post

Meroiticandlatepost-MeroiticsitesinLowerNu-

bia,andtosomeextentintheFourthCataractre-

gion[Table4-9;Pl.13.3].Theymeasurebetween

4and7mmindiameter.

4.2.1.5.3Longcollared

Thesamethickinnerlayerandthinouteronecan

beobservedonalongbeadwithcollarsatboth

ends(SNM52).Longcollaredbeadswerefound

ingravesatBerber(BMCT12-23p/4,ﬁvebeads

infragments,BMCT31-260,64beadsandthree

fragments,BMCT33-256,57beadsand17frag-

ments;BMCT33-256/3,onebeadandthreefrag-

ments,BMCT33-256/1,onebead)[Pl.17].They

measureabout4mmindiameterandabout17

mminlength.

4.2.1.5.4Melon

Somegold-in-glassbeadswereadditionally

ribbed,resultinginamelonshape.Bothatiny

melonbead(SNM19)andalargeone(SNM20)

werefoundinthecollections.Allwerefoundin

Meroiticgraves.Thelargerexampleissimilarto

examplesfromthetombofQueenAmanishakhe-

toatMeroë(Spaer2001:Fig.59).

4.2.1.5.5Collaredmelon

Anotherexamplepresentsasmallgold-in-glass

collaredbeadthatwasribbed(SJE34).Itwas

foundinaMeroiticgraveatSerraEastinLower

Nubia.

4.2.1.5.6Figurative

Gold-in-glassbeadscouldbedecoratedwith

impressionsofgeometricorﬁgurativemotifs.

Theexamplesinthecollectionarelongtabular

gold-in-glassbeads,havingalozengenetpat-

ternononesideandaﬁgurativemotifonthe

other(SNM54).Whilemanybeadshavedotted

impressionsonthesideopposingtheﬁgurative

surface,thebeadsfromBerberhadnothingbut

lozengepatterns.1Theﬁgurethatcanbeobserved

onatleast12completespecimensandtheirfrag-

PAMMonographSeries10

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