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Introduction
thoseemployedinnonfictionalized,conversationalstorytelling
situations”[Alberetal.2013:104].
Thecurrentpopularityofunnaturalnarratologymightbeaconse-
quenceofshiftingthemainemphasisorfocusfromfictionthatBrian
RichardsoncallsHrealist”andHmimetic”tomoreexperimentalandex-
tremetexts,whichheretoforehavebeenoverlookedinthedominant
narratologicaldiscussions(forexampleintextbooks)[Alberetal.2010;
Alberetal.2012].Theultimategoalofunnaturalnarratologyistorede-
finetheuniversalisttheory(theories)ofnarrativeoreventoundermine
thembydemonstratinghowtheunnaturalisquintessentialtoalllit-
eratureandmorewidespreadthanisgenerallybelieved[seeAlberand
Fludernik,eds.2010].Inaddition,themethodologyofunnaturalnarra-
tologyisessentiallyHanti-structuralist.”AsBrianRichardsonexplains,
Hwebeginwiththeliteraturethatexistsandthengoontoconstruct
ourtheoriesaroundit,whileothersstartwithalinguisticorrhetorical
modelandproceeddeductivelyfromit,oftenignoringthemanytexts
thateludethemodel”(Thesis5[fromRichardson2008]).Intheheyday
ofstructuralismtheprevalentmethodofworkwasdeduction,laudedfor
examplebyBarthes.
Myworkcanberelatedtounnaturalnarratologyfortworeasons.
Firstly,Iexaminenarratives,touseunnaturalnarratologists’words,that
violatetheparametersoftraditionalrealism[Richardson2002;Alber
etal.2010:115].AsInotedabove,GombrowiczandBeckettfailtocom-
plywithtraditionalepicparameters,theyenrichand/orviolatethem.
However,theirstrategyshouldnotbeconsideredHjust”negativeinits
ownterms.Itsaimistotransformnovelisticsemanticsandaccentuate
otherelements-thenarrativesubjectandhislanguage-andthusintro-
ducenewfunctions-expressiveandmetaliterary.Also,whenexamining
theissuesofhermeneuticsIfollowinNielsen’sfootstepsinsofarasthe
scholarcentresonHinterpretationalstrategies.”
Secondly,mymethodologyisbottom-up:thereisnopre-existentthe-
oreticalmatrixthathasbeenplaceduponthenovelsbyGombrowicz
andBeckett.Thenovels,asitwere,forcedaparticularmethodologythat
Imightcallinter-modal:itdrawsfromnarratologyaswellasfromother
artisticmodes(dramaandtheatre)andtheories(dramatologyandthea-
trology).Theinter-modalapproachdoesnotproveafutilityofnarratol-
ogybut,onthecontrary,demonstrateshowopenandvibrantadiscipline
itmightbe.
