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AgataBareja-Starzyńska,ByambaaRagchaaNotesontheSurvivalofBuddhism…
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–ChoyijinLamynSüm,thetempleofChoyijinLamLuvsankhaiduv,built
in1903–1906fortheBogdGegeen,syoungerbrother,whowasanoracle,and
turnedin1965intotheMuseumfortheHistoryofReligion,
–ErdeneZuuMonastery,foundedin1635,turnedintoamuseumin1947,
–theTsogchintempleofSangiinDalaiMonasteryintheErdenedalaisomon
oftheDundgov,Aimag,foundedin1708.
Tworesidencesofhighlamaswerealsopreserved:theGreenPalaceofthe
BogdGegeen,whichhehadbuiltin1893–1903andwhichwasturnedintoamu-
seumin1924,andtheresidenceofZayaGegeen,foundedin1696,turnedinto
theCentreforRegionalStudiesin1967andintoamuseumin1997.13
BuddhistsinMongoliararelyhadachancetohideimagesattimesofde-
struction.Usually,themonasterieswerelootedandthemostpreciousreligious
objectswerestolen.Therestoftheproperty,includingsacredtextsandimages,
wasplacedinalargehole14duginthegroundsomewherenearthemonastery
andthenburned.Beautifullycraftedstatues,thangkapaintings,andliturgical
objectsmadefromgold,silver,preciousstones,papermâché,clay,silk,and
paperbyskillfulartistsfromMongolia,Tibet,India,andChinaandvenerated
bygenerationsofdedicatedBuddhists,weredestroyedandvanishedforever.
Monasticandtemplebuildingswereusedasstorehousesorcattlepens.Building
materialsweredismantledandreusedtoconstructshops,stores,andotherstruc-
tures.TheBuddhistcanonicaltexts,theKanjur(Tib.Bka!!gyur)andtheTanjur
(Bstan!gyur),whichhadbeenpreservedasvaluablemanuscriptsandblockprints,
includingNarthang,Derge,Cone,andPekingeditions,withoften2–3setsinone
monastery,vanishedintosmoke.Atsomeplaces,suchasKharkhorin,thesmoke
continuedtorisefromthefireformanymonths.15
Highincarnationsandmonksholdingpositionsaskhambo(хaмбa),tsorj
(цорж),agramba(aгрaмбa),doorombo(0оoромбo),gavj(гaвж),orgevsh(г3вш)16
–therepositoriesofancientBuddhistknowledge–wereannihilated.Numbers
difer,butitisclearthatnotallmasskillingsweredocumented.Documentspre-
servedinthearchivesrefermainlytotrialsthatendedinsentences.However,
13OnthebasisofByambaaRagchaa,spersonalconversationwithhisteacher.Sanjav
Agvaanlodoi(СанжавАгваанлодой),Санжавт3ргYYт3нбагшярьCанзYйлC,хувийн
т3м03гл3л(flWordsofMasterSanjav:PrivateNotes”,inmanuscript).
14Suchaholewascalledaбааюу,andweresimilartoholesforbrickproduction:тооCго,
туйпуушатаахзуух.SeeTsevel1966.
15Vividdescriptionswereprovidedbyelderlyex-monksininterviewscarriedoutbyboth
authorsinKharkhorininAugust1998.SeealsoBareja-StarzyńskaandHavnevik2006:
218,n.15.
16Buddhisttitles:khambo,Tib.mkhanpo–aheadofthemonastery,tsorj,Tib.chosrje,
atitleforhighlamas,doorombo,Tib.rdoramspa–masterinphilosophicalstudies,gevsh,
Tib.dgebshes–scholarlyrankinaBuddhistmonasticsystem(sometimesrenderedas
aDoctorofPhilosophy).
