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AgataBareja-Starzyńska,ByambaaRagchaaNotesontheSurvivalofBuddhism…
amuchhighernumberofmonksthanrecordedinthosedocuments,maybeas
manyas40,000,musthavebeenkilled,sinceoftenallthemonksenrolledin
amonasterywereshotonthespot.Intherehabilitationprocess,whichhasbeen
takingplacesincethe1990s,onlythosewhoserelativessurvivedcouldclaimthe
innocenceofthevictimsandenabletheirrehabilitation.Asforcommonmonks
andyoungnovices,theywerearrestedorsecularized.Manyex-monksworkedin
factories,cooperatives,orconstruction.Someoftheyoungestmonksweresent
toschools.
3.MethodsofMongolianBuddhiststoContinueReligious
PracticeExamplesfromGandantegchenlinMonasteryand
SomeIndividualPractices
TheseveremethodsusedagainstBuddhistmonksdidnotendwiththedestruc-
tionofthemonasteries.Antireligiousactionsaimingtohaltfreedomofreligion
werecarriedout.In1938monasterieswereclosed.Inordertostopthereligious
practicesofordinarybelievers,speciallydesignatedocialstraveledallover
thecountryanddestroyedBuddhistimagesinyurts.Thosewhoresistedwere
arrestedandpenalized.Peopleemployedatstateinstitutionswereconstantly
observedanddenouncedbyinformers.
DuringWorldWarII(1939–1945)antireligiousactivitywasslightlylessfer-
vent,althoughformermonkswerestillunderstrictsurveillance.Thosepractices
onlybecameknowninthe1990s,whentestimoniesaboutthemandotherevi-
dencewerediscoveredinthearchives.Inordertomaintainefectiverelations
withdemocraticstates,theMRPhadtoshowthatfreedomofreligionwasbeing
observed;thereforesomedegreeofreligiousactivityhadtobeshown.Inparticu-
lar,whentheUSSecretaryofStatewassentbyPresidentFranklinD.Roosevelt
tovisittheSovietUnionandMongoliain1944,attemptsweremadetocreatethe
appearanceofBuddhistactivity.On22June1944,workbeganonrestoringapart
ofGandantegchenlinMonasteryandpreparingaflPrayerHall”orмөргөлийн
0уган(Divaasanbuu2009:8–10).GavjNaidangiinErdenepel,amonkengagedin
theworkofthePeople,sGovernment,andTüvshingiinGombodorj(calledGom-
booorGombodoo),whowaspreviouslytheGreatDisciplinarian(г3CгYй,Tib.
dgebskos)atGandantegchenlinMonastery(atthecollegeDashchoinpolDatsan),
werecalledonbytheauthoritiesandaskedtobringtrustedmonkfriendstore-
startsomeBuddhistpractices(Divaasanbuu2009:8,Amgalan2021:64).Besides
themthegroupconsistedofninemoremonks:gavjR.Garamsed,gevshÖndör
L.Luvsan,gavjO.Yondonjunai,gevshTsetsenToyinyGombynBat-Ochir,gevsh
N.Janlav,Ts.Naidan,gavjOchirynDagvajantsan,gevshL.Luvsansürenandgevsh