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Chapter1
BASICCOMPONENTS
OFHYDRAULICSYSTEMS
1.1.INTRODUCTION
Theprogressivedevelopmentofhydraulicsystems,theirhighreliabilityandthe
introductionofmoderncontrolsystemsmeanthathydraulicsystemshavefound
theirwayintomanymanufacturersofconstructionmachinery[117].
Duetotheadvantagesofhydrostaticdrivesystems,thistypeofdrivedomi-
natesinconstructionmachinery.Forexample,excavatorsusehydrostaticsystems
todrivethetoolsandthedrivetrain,whileloadersusehydrostaticsystemstodrive
thetools,andbothhydrostaticandhydromechanicalsolutionswithhydrokinetic
transmissionareusedasthedrivetrain.
Hydraulicdriveisatypeofdriveinwhichpoweristransferredintheformof
kineticorpotentialenergyoftheworkingfluid,whichisinmostcaseshydraulicoil.
Inworkingmachines,mineralorsyntheticoilsareused,whichhavelubricatingand
anticorrosivepropertiesthatarevaluableforthematingofmachinecomponents.
Theconstruction,controlmethodsanddesignprinciplesofhydrauliccompo-
nentsarepresentedinliterature,e.g.:[1-4,9,28,39,128,129].
Withregardtothemethodofenergytransmission,twogroupsofhydraulic
drivesaredistinguished:
-hydrostatic,whichprimarilyusethepotentialenergyoftheoil(pressureen-
ergyaccumulatedintheoil),
-hydrokinetic,whoseoperationisbasedontheuseofthekineticenergyoftheoil.
-Thebasiccomponentsofthehydrostaticdrivesofworkingmachineryare:
-hydraulicpumps(gear,piston,vane,screw)thatconvertthemechanicalwork
ofthedrivingmotorintopotentialorkineticenergyofthefluid,
-hydrauliccylinders1(piston,plunger,telescopic)anddisplacementmotors(gear,
pistonandvane)thatconverttheenergyofthefluidintomechanicalwork,
1
„Hydrauliccylindersareessentiallydisplacementmotorsforrectilinearorrotarymotion.They
differfrommotorsinthattheymakereciprocatingmotionsinsteadofcontinuousmotion:reciprocat-
ing,orrotary-rotary”[128].
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