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HannaKomorowska
1913/1982)orlaterinsociologybythenotionofbracketing(Garfinkel,1968).
Weakformsbasedontheabilitytotakeperspectivesotherthanone)sown,
suchasPiaget)sandSelman)sdecentring(Piaget&Inhelder,1936/1969;Selman,
1980),laterfollowedinFLT/SLAbyByram(2008)seemtobemorerealistic
and,thereforesuitablefortheanalysisofevaluationinlanguageeducation.
Flexibilityinperspective-takingisindispensabletodaywhen,aferperiodsof
measurement,descriptionandjudgment,thefourthgenerationofevaluation
hasbeenfullyinstalledwithitscontextual,dialogic,interactive,responsive-con-
structivistapproachtoexaminationsandcertification(Guba&Lincoln,1989;
1994;Korporowicz,2012).
Reflectingonevaluation,beingtheaimofthepresenttext,callsfortheclar-
ificationofbothtermsasneitherisclearnortransparent.Tismayhavesome
advantagesas,accordingtoFrançois,thecareerofanapproachoraconceptis
inextricablyconnectedwithopaquenessandmetaphoricityofitsmeaningas
wellaswithavastarrayofmisunderstandingsitbreeds(François,2010:27).
Evaluationposesnumerousproblemsrelatedtoaimsandprocesses,these,
however,cannotbesolvedwithoutagreeingonterminologyused,sincechaos
inthiseldmeanstraps,pitfallsandstumblingblocksforbothexaminersand
examinees.Althoughinmanypublicationsthetermsevaluationandassessment
areusedsynonymously,assessmentisusuallyconsideredtobeaconceptbroad-
erthanevaluation.Ifnodińerenceinscopeisbelievedtobefoundbetweenthe
two,thetermevaluationismoreofenusedtodescribeformal,objectiveand
standardizedprocedures,whileassessment-informal,subjectiveandnon-stand-
ardizedones.Misunderstandingsalsooccurduetoanon-uniformusageofthe
termcertifcation,assometimesitmeansnomorethanissuingacertificateof
attendance,sometimesofcoursecompletion,sometimesofacertainkindof
achievement,whileonotheroccasionsitmightmeanfulfillingofcialrequire-
mentsneededtoobtainprofessionalqualificationsforafuturejob.
Partoftheterminologicalproblemsresultfromthefactthatpurposesof
evaluationdińerconsiderably.Quiteofentheaimofevaluationisselection
carriedoutinordertochooseseveralindividualsfromalargergroup,e.g.when
thereisalimitsetonanumberofcandidates.Tiswayofusingevaluation
proceduresisprobablytheoldestanddatesbacktoimperialexaminationsin
Chinawhichstartedtwenty-fourcenturiesagoandbecamefullyformalized
inthe7thcentury(Elman,1991;Shichuan,2015).Sometimesthereisnoset
limit,buttheaimisdeselectionofapplicantswhodonotmeettherequire-
ments,e.g.whentheirknowledgeofaselectedsubjectoragroupofsubjects