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CHAPTER1
Dorota
Gierszewski
Civiceducationasafoundation
ofastrongdemocraticsociety
Democracy–civilsociety
AlthoughtherootsofdemocracyinPolandcanbetracedbacktoasearlyasthe
fifeenthcentury,i.e.thetimesofthenobles’democracy,theprocessofthePolish
politicalsystemdemocratizationshouldbeassociatedwithamuchlaterperiod,
i.e.thesystem’stransformationafer1989.Teformationoftheliberal-democratic
governanceandmarketeconomyfundamentallychangedthecharacterofthe
country.Incomparisontoothercountries,thehistoryofPolishdemocracyisthus
relativelyshort.
Democracyisunderstoodinmanyways,butthethreemainmodels:pro-
cedural,substantiveandparticipatory,areusuallydistinguished.Procedural
democracyisbasedonasetofproceduresunderwhichpoliticaldecisionsare
taken.Tismodelensuresclarityofcriteria,conditionsofelectionsandthe
functioningofauthorities,andsetsouttherightsandresponsibilitiesofpolitical
entities,ensuringthefunctioningofademocraticstate.Meanwhile,substantial
democracyreferstotheideaofthecommongood.Itemphasizesstandards
andvalueswhichcannotbeguaranteedexclusivelybyprocedures.Democracy
isexpectedtosetvaluessuchasjustice,morality,honesty,order,prosperity,
happiness.However,participatorydemocracyisrelatedtotheprocessofcol-
lectivedecision-making.Tismodelemphasizestheformanddegreeofactive
participationofcitizensingovernance.Itcreatesopportunitiesforgreaterpar-
ticipation,whilecivicactivityisnotlimitedtoelections,butinvolvesmuchmore
frequentandmoreintensiveeńortstoinfluenceabroadpublicsphere.Italian
politicaltheoristGiovanniSartori(1998)saysthatparticipatorydemocracyis
