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MariaSifianou
O’Driscoll,2011a,b;Haugh,2013;Garcés-ConejosBlitvich,2013;Arundale,
2013a).
Thequestforexploringfaceonitsownrighthasfollowedfromthedis-
cursiveturnwithinpolitenessresearch.Amongitsvariouseffects,thisturn
hastriggeredadistinctionbetweenpoliteness1(layconceptualisations)and
politeness2(theoreticalconstructs)(see,e.g.,Eelen,2001;Watts,2003)and
byextensionFace1andFace2(see,e.g.,O’Driscoll,1996;Terkourafi,2010).
Withinthisframework,mostresearchersagreethatboth(im)politenessandface
areinteractivephenomenaandthuslayconceptualisationsofpolitenessandby
extensionoffacenecessitatespecialattention.Interestingly,whilepoliteness
wasrelegatedtobeingaculturally-specificconcept,faceretainedastronguni-
versalposition(see,e.g.O’Driscoll,2011a,p.18;André,2013,p.78).However,
faceandpolitenessaredifferentkindsofconcepts,theunderstandingofwhich
probablynecessitatesdifferentframeworks.Untanglingfacefrom(im)politeness
inresearchis,tomymind,anecessaryfirststepbecauseiffaceandpoliteness
areresearchedindependently,wemaybeabletounderstandtheirmeanings
betterandseetheirpossibleconnectionswithfresheyes.
DrawingondatafromGreek,Iwilltrytosubstantiatemycontentionsthat:
•faceisarelationalphenomenonbutnotnecessarilyaninteractionalone;
•itmakessensetotalkaboutfaceasanindividualpossession(withgroup
repercussions),andasapre-existing(thoughnotstatic)entitywithenduring
aspects;
•theassociationbetweenfaceandpolitenessmaynotbeasstrongashas
beenassumed.
Iwillstartwithabriefexpositionoftheconceptoffaceandproceedwith
itsconceptualisationinGreek,realisingthatemicconceptualisationsofface
shouldinformbutnotconstrainthetheorisationoftheconcept(see,e.g.,Watts,
2003,p.9;Haugh,2012,pp.118,125;Haugh,2013).
2.Theconceptofface
Asiswellknown,BrownandLevinson(1978/1987)havepositedthenotion
offaceasfundamentaltoourunderstandingoftheexpressionofpoliteness,
drawingonGoffman’s(1955/1972)notionof“face,”alongwithitsEnglish
folkperceptionswhichlinkfacewith“notionsofbeingembarrassedorhu-
miliated,or‘losingface’.”However,thesefolknotionsseemtobeabsentfrom
theirexposition,astheyhaveproceededtodevelopinsteadatheoryofface-
threateningactsaffectingprimarilytheaddressee’sface.BrownandLevinson’s
(1987,p.66)frequentlyquoteddefinitionisthatfaceis“thepublicself-image
