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ofcontemporarythoughtandexistentialismasacritical
“enclave”withinit.Hiscontribution
to
Twórczość
,“MarxismandExistentialism,”reappeared
thefollowingfallinhisownjournal,
LesTemps
Modernes
,as“Questionsdeméthode.”Itarguedforthe
compatibilitybetweenexistentialismandwhathesaw
asthecoreofMarx’sphilosophy,namelyaradical
conceptofhumanism.Threeyearslater,in1960,
hewouldrepublishtheessayasanextendedpreface
tohismagnumopus,
Critiquedelaraisondialectique
.2
In“Questionsdeméthode”Sartreassailed
doctrinaireMarxismforitsdeterminismandabstractness,
insistingontheneedforadeeperpsychologicalanalysis
andmoreconcreteanthropology.Thefatalflawinthe
existingunderstandingofMarxistmaterialism,inhis
view,wasitslackofarevolutionarytheory
ofsubjectivity.“Ourintentionisnot,”hestatedinreply
tohiscritics,“to‘givetheirrationalitsdue,’but,onthe
contrary,toreducethepartofindeterminationandnon-
knowledge,nottorejectMarxisminthenameofathird
pathorofanidealisthumanism,buttoreconquerman
withinMarxism.”3
Notwithstandingthedivagationsofhisown
intellectualitinerary,Sartre’shumanism—asynthesis
ofMarx’searlywritings,Husserlianphenomenologyand
Freudianpsychoanalysis—respondedtoawideEuropean
experience.Anefforttomakesenseofthetraumaofthe
SecondWorldWarandtheloomingthreatsposedbythe
ColdWarandtheatomicbomb,itwassteepedinthe
ethosoftherecentresistancemovementsacrossthe
continent,inwhichhehadpersonallyplayedsomepart,
andthesufferingsofthewartimeoccupationandprison
camps,whichhehadalsoendured.Likehisunfinished
novelcycle
LesCheminsdelaliberté
[
Roads
toFreedom
],threevolumesofwhichwerepublished
between1945and1949,itgrappledwiththelargest
philosophicalandmoralissuesoftheday:oppressionand
alienationunderbothfascismandcapitalism,the
relationshipbetweenpoliticalactivismandideological
