Treść książki
Przejdź do opcji czytnikaPrzejdź do nawigacjiPrzejdź do informacjiPrzejdź do stopki
continuousaudiosignal.Intonationinsomecasesdisambiguates
differentsyntacticstructures.InlanguagessuchasEnglish,German,or
Polish,themeaningofintonationisanalysedatthephraselevel,the
positionofthestressedsyllablemayindicatetheborderofaword,e.g.
inlanguageswithafixedaccent,e.g.inPolish(penultimatesyllable),
CzechandFinnish(initialsyllable-borderontheleft),Turkishand
French(thelastsyllable-borderontheright).Theprosodicsyntactic
structuredirectlyaffectspausesandspeechinterruptions.
2)Discourse.Thisfunctionisdirectlyrelatedtothecommunication
situationanddialogueacts.Amongotherthings,itaimstokeepthe
interlocutor'sattention,continueorendtheconversation,establish
contact.Animportantfunctionofintonationistomarkthestructureof
information,inparticular:(a)thewordinsidethediscoursefragment,and
(b)thedivisionoftheutteranceintofocusandbackgroundelements.It
alsoplaysanimportantroleinthedivisionandinterpretationandtypeof
discourseunits.Moreover,itsignalswhetherthespeakerhasfinished
speakingandwhethertheotherpersoncanspeak(i.e.itregulatesthe
orderofspeech).Intonation’scontoursarecorrelatedwiththetypeof
speechact,speechinterruptionsandpausing.
3)Pragmatic.Itmainlyreferstothethematiclocationofthestress,
emphasisingnewinformationandthemostimportantelementof
discourse.Itindicatesthedegreeofimportanceofthemessageconveyed,
theinterlocutorcandisplayconvergenceatthislevelornot.
4)Psychological.Understandingthecontentofstatementsisgenerally
relatedtopropersegmentationofthestatements.Thepsychological
functionofintonationmakesitpossibletodistinguishunitsfromspeech
thatareeasytoremember.Thewayofconversationsegmentationcan
alsoinfluencespeaker’sconvergence.
5)Index(indicatingindividualfeaturesoridentifyingsocialorregional
affiliation).Themannerandrangeofpitchchangesandaveragevoice
positionarethebasisfortheassessmentoftheage,gender,specific
pronunciationfeaturesandpersonalityofthespeaker.Thisfunctionis
veryimportantforconvergence,e.g.,thespeakeroflowersocialstatus
wouldadaptmoretothespeechoftheinterlocutorconsideredtobeofa
highersocialstatus(Gilesetal.1991;Pickering&Garrod,2006;
Lücking,Bergmann,Hahn,Kopp,&Rieser,2010).Theuseof
characteristicintonationstructuresmayindicateaspecificregionalor
socialaffiliationofthespeaker,e.g.thecontinuedincreaseattheendof
declarativesentencemaymeanaspeakerfromtheGreaterPolandregion.
6)Affective.Theaffectivefunctionismainlyassociatedwithemotional
states(reflectedinstatementsexpressing,forexample,anger,joy,
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