Treść książki
Przejdź do opcji czytnikaPrzejdź do nawigacjiPrzejdź do informacjiPrzejdź do stopki
anxiety,fear),butalsowiththeattitudetowardstheinterlocutor,whathe
orshesays(e.g.doubt,disbelief),theirownstatements,conveyingirony,
sarcasmandacceptancetothelistener.Itprovidesinformationabout
whatthespeakerconveys,e.g.whetheritisdoubt,advice,
encouragement,disapproval,etc.,speakerscandisplayconvergenceat
thislevelornot.
7)Neurologicalandneurolinguistic.Thisfunctionexpressesdisordersin
prosodicexpression:hyperprosody-excessiveuseofthevoicerange,
intensity,time,hypoprosodia-reducedprosodicexpressionand
dysprosody-misuseoftheprosodicstructure.Thisfunctionmanifests
itselfintheanalysisofvariouslong-termdisordersofthecentralnervous
system,aswellasshort-termdisorders,visibleinstatementsmadeunder
theinfluenceofextremestress(Devillers&Vidrascu,2007).Information
abouttheinterlocutor'sstressdecisivelyinfluencesthewhole
conversationstrategy.
Determiningwhetheradaptationisstaticordynamicrequiresalsodefinition
ofthelocalorglobalnatureofchange.Thelengthoftheconversations
(approximately30min),mostlikelyinfluencedtheresultoflinearanalysis.
Globalandlocalprosodicfeaturesextractedfromparagraphs,sentences,words
andsyllablescanbeusedfordescriptionofstaticanddynamicadaptation.Global
prosodicfeaturesrepresenttheoverallstatisticssuchasmean,minimum,
maximum,standarddeviation,andslopeofprosodiccontours;localprosodic
featuresrepresentthetemporaldynamicsinprosody.Conversationalpartners
tendtoexhibitsimilarpitchandintonationcontours,voiceintensitylevel,speech
rateandspeechtiming(DeLooze,Oertel,Rauzy,&Campbell,2011).Variations
inspeechrateareratherduetovariationsinthenumberofpausesandtheirmean
durationthantovariationsintheactualarticulationrate(Grosjean&Deschamps,
1975).
Pitch,oneofthemostimportantprosodicparametersinverbal
communication,isstronglycorrelatedwiththeactivationdimensionofemotional
models(Juslin&Scherer,2005).Researchhassuggestedthatalllanguagesuse
variationsinpitchtosignalmeaningandaffect(Scherer&Wallbott,1994).The
perceptionofthedynamicaspectofaspeaker’sstatesintermsofpitchwouldbe
allthemoreprominentasthehumanauditorysystemisverysensitivetochanges
inpitch(Rumsey&McCormick,2002);thisiswhyspeakersshowpitch
adaptationmuchmorethanothertypesofprosodicadaptation.Thiswouldbe
particularlyclear,forinstance,inmale-femalepairs,asconverginginpitchwould
requireinterlocutor’ssignificantvocaleffortandwouldaffectthespeaker’svocal
identity,asspecifiedinOhala’sfrequencycode(Ohala,1983).
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