Treść książki
Przejdź do opcji czytnikaPrzejdź do nawigacjiPrzejdź do informacjiPrzejdź do stopki
RobertMahler,UrszulaOkularczyk
EGYPT
assessmentprocedureforpostcranial
skeletonpreservationwasreducedtoafive-
levelscale(from0to4),where0standsfor
nopostcranialbonespresent,1forlessthan
onethirdpresent,2betweenonethirdand
twothirdspresent,3morethantwothirds
present,andfinally4,moreorlessallbones
(morethan90%)present[seeTable4].Tis
methodprovedtobeverytime-elcient.
Forreasonsofpoorpreservation,skull
analysiswasreducedtoaminimum.
Cranialfragmentswereusedtoestimate
age-at-deathandsexoftheindividuals
andwereexaminedcarefullyinsearchof
pathologicalconditions.Uponcompletion
oftheassessment,allcranialfragments
werelabeledandstoredinon-sitestoragein
expectationofmoreelaborateapproaches
beingfeasibleinthefuture.
AMinimumNumberofIndividuals
(MNI)buriedwasdeterminedforevery
gravethatcontainedbones(White2000:
291-292).TeresultingMNIforthewhole
sampleisasimplesumofMNIsdetermined
foreveryidentifieddiscreteassemblage.
Sexdeterminationforadultswas
performedusingasetofmorphological
methods(BuikstraandUbelaker1994;
Piontek1996;White2000).Tese
methodsweresuccessfulwithregardto
individualsatpubertyonlyinrelatively
obviouscases;thetypicallyfemalefeatures
oftheskullandtypicallymalefeaturesof
pelvisshouldnotbetakenintoaccount
(BuikstraandUbelaker1994:16).Sex
determinationofyoungerindividuals,
duetotheunreliabilityofthemethods
available,wasnotattemptedatall.
Age-at-deathwasassessedusingarange
ofstandardizedmacroscopicmethods.
Adultage-at-deathestimationwasbasedon
thedegreeofobliterationofcranialsutures
(BuikstraandUbelaker1994:34-35)with
compositescoringbyMeindlandLovejoy
(1985)(compilationbyWhite2000:
348).Dentalage,basedonattrition,was
determinedusingtablesbyC.O.Lovejoy
(1985:49-50).Whenpossible,symphyseal
facechangesofthepubicsymphysiswere
takenintoaccountasdescribedbyTodd
(1920;usingpicturesbyFolkens,seeWhite
2000:352-253)andrevisedbySuchey
withBrooks(BrooksandSuchey1990)
withdrawingsbyP.Walker(Buikstraand
Ubelaker1994:23-24)(compilationby
White2000:356-357).Alsochangesof
auricularsurfacesoftheiliumbyLovejoy
etal.(1985)werescored(usingpictures
byFolkens,seeWhite2000:358-359).
Asahinttoage-at-deathingeneral,but
notasanactualdeterminant,theoverall
bonemorphology(overallpictureof
degenerativechangesetc.)wasnoted.
Age-at-deathofnon-adultindividuals
wasdetermined,whenpossible,onthe
basisofteetheruptionstagesaccording
tothetablescompiledbyD.H.Ubelaker
(1978:47)forAmericanIndians,and
whenthiswasnotpossible(teethsockets
notavailable),onmeasurementsof
longboneshafsemployingthetables
assembledbyM.SchaeferwithS.Black
andL.Scheuer(2009).Incaseswhere
furtherclarificationwasneeded,theresults
obtainedweresupplementedwithdata
ondevelopmentandossificationofbones
(Schaefer,BlackandScheuer2009).Incase
ofjuvenilesandyoungadultstheage-at-
-deathdeterminationwasbasedmainlyon
thedegreeofepiphysealfusion(Piontek
1996:148).
Overallmorphologyandpathological
changesoftheboneswerepresentedas
objectivelyaspossible,ascalledforby
66
PAM25:Research
