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ChapterI◆THECONSTITUTIONALFOUNDATIONSOFTHEREPUBLICOFPOLAND’S…
Inthelightofconstitutionalprovisions,theNationisthesourceof
supremeauthority,i.e.,allcitizenshaveequalrights.Moreover,the
ConstitutionbasestheRepublicofPoland’ssystemontheprinciplesofa
democraticstateruledbylaw,politicalpluralism,subsidiarityandlocal
government5.Theorganisationofstateauthoritiesisbasedonthetripartite
divisionofpowersprincipleasformulatedinthemid-18thcenturybyCharles
deMontesquieu.Legislativepowerbelongstoabicameralparliament:the
SejmandtheSenate.ThebodiesofexecutivepowerarethePresidentandthe
CouncilofMinisters,andthejudiciary-courtsandtribunals6.Therearealso
bodiesofstateauthoritythatdonotfallwithintheprincipleofthetripartite
divisionofpowers:theSupremeChamberofControl,theOmbudsman,andthe
NationalBroadcastingCouncil7.
Citizens,throughuniversal,equalanddirectelectionsandbysecret
ballot,electtheentirecompositionoftheSejm(460deputies),theSenate(100
senators),thePresidentoftheRepublic,theconstitutivebodiesoflocal
governmentunits(municipalitycouncils,poviatcouncilsandvoivodeship
assemblies)andmunicipalityexecutivebodies(villageheads,mayorsandcity
presidents).Deputiesandcouncillorsinlocalelectionsareelectedaccording
toaproportionalelectoralsystem(inaccordancewiththed’Hondtformula)8.
IntheSenateelections,asimple(relative)majoritysystemapplies.Theseats
areawardedtothecandidateswhosuccessivelyreceivedthehighestnumber
ofvotes9.Themixed(absolute)majoritysystemisusedwhenelectingthe
PresidentoftheRepublicofPolandandintheelectionsofvillageheads,
mayorsandcitypresidents.Thecandidatewhoobtainsanabsolutemajority
ofvotes(50%+1)winstheelection.Ifnoneofthecandidateswinssucha
majority,thesecondroundofvotingisheld.Twocandidateswhoreceivedthe
highestvotesinthefirstroundtakepartinit10.
5K.Prokop,J.Matwiejuk,Podstawowezasadyustrojowe,[in:]Prawokonstytucyjne,ed.S.Bożyk,
Temida2,Białystok2020,p.71etseq.
6K.Prokop,PolishConstitutionalLaw,Temida2,Białystok2011,pp.37-38.
7K.Prokop,ConstitutionalOrgansofStateControlandProtection,[in:]PolishPoliticalSystem.
AnIntroduction,ed.J.Szymanek,WydawnictwoSejmowe,Warsaw2018,pp.325etseq.
8M.Granat,K.Granat,TheConstitutionofPoland:AContextualAnalysis,HartPublishing,Oxford
2019,pp.48-53.
9M.Rachwał,EvolutionofElectionLawintheSenateoftheThirdRepublicofPoland,uBiałostockie
StudiaPrawnicze”2016,Vol.20/A,pp.249-260.
10M.Granat,K.Granat,TheConstitution…,op.cit.,pp.80-83.
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