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tograb,pull,andmincethefood.Themalleatetrophiaremostfrequentin
theBrachionidaeandLecanidae(Fig.12A,A’).
2.Malleoramate:presentonlyintheorderFlosculariacea;themalleoramate
trophidifferfromthemalleatemouthpartsinhavinglongermanubriaand
fulcrum;inaddition,theramusteetharemoremassiveandtheuncimaycarry
numerousfineteeth(Fig.12F).
3.Uncinate:distinctinhavingnumerousteethontheunci;thefirsttoothisusu-
allylargeandtheremainingonessmaller;thetrophiofthistypearefound
exclusivelyintheCollothecidae(Fig.12G).
4.Virgate:suckingtrophicapableofpullingthefoodinandsuckingit.Theman-
ubriaarelongandthefulcrumisusuallybroadeneddistally.Theramiarewide
andtheunciarearmedwithafewteeth,theproximalteethlargerthantherest.
Thetrophiofthistypemaybedistinctlyasymmetric(Trichocerca).Theyare
typicalofNotommata,Polyarthra,Synchaeta,andtheGastropodidae;those
rotifersusetheirtrophitofeedbysuckingthecontentofplantcellsandtoseize
animalprey(Fig.11C,D,12B,B’).
5.Forcipate:thetrophiofthistypemaybethrustoutfromthemouthandarethus
typicalofpredators.Theramiaresemicircularlycurved,frequentlywithteeth
ontheinnermargin.Theunciarelongandthin.Theforcipatetrophioccuronly
inthefamilyDicranophoridae(Fig.12C,C’).
6.Incudate:thetrophiaredistinctinhavingpowerfulramiandverysmallmallei.
Theunciandthemanubriaarereduced.Thetrophiofthistypefunctionlike
forcepsandcanbethrustoutfromthebuccalcavitytoseizeprey.Thepresence
oftheincudatetrophiisrestrictedtothefamilyAsplanchnidae(Fig.12D).
7.Cardate:verysimilartothevirgatetrophi,occurringsolelyinthefamilyLin-
diidae.Thesuckingactioniseffectedbyspecialmusclesofthehypopharynx
(Figs11C,12E).
Musclesystem.Rotifermusclesareanintricatenetworkofvariousbands
someofwhichextendparalleltothebodycoverandothersformtransverseorlon-
gitudinalfibres(coronaandfootretractors)runningtovariousorgans.Themus-
clesarenotfusedwiththecuticleanddonotformabodysacwithit(Fig.13).
Thebestdevelopedaretheringmusclesthefunctionofwhichistoconstrict
thetrunk.Particularlywelldevelopedarealsothemusclesoffast-movingspecies.
Aconsiderablenumberofmusclesinthosespeciesprotectedbyathickloricaare
reduced.Thevariouspartsoftheintestinehavetheirownlayersofmuscles.
Nervoussystemandsenseorgans.Thecentralnervoussysteminrotifers
consistsofthreemaingangliaandnervesleadingtovariousorgans.Asingleorbilo-
batecerebralganglion,theso-calledbrain,islocateddorsallyintheanteriorpartof
thebody,abovethepharynx.Theventralsidefeaturesasmallsubpharyngealgangli-
onoftheciliaryapparatus,thepedalganglionbeingsituatedterminallyinthetrunk.
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