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Introduction
11
onseniors.Nevertheless,itsinitiativesinthisfieldreflectthe
ideasoftheMadridInternationalPlanofActiononAgeing(MIPAA
2002).Theaimoftheinitiatives,likeinothercountriesaffected
bypopulationageing,istoprotecttheinterestsofoldercitizens.
InherchapteronseniorpolicyinRussiaandMoscow,Yaroslava
Evseevadiscussesitsdevelopmentfromthehistoricalperspective
ofsocialpolicyevolutionandgivesacomprehensivepresentationof
socialservices,socialcare,thepensionsystem,labourpolicy,and
educationalandculturalpolicy.Whileemphasisingthedominant
roleofthecentralgovernment,shealsopointstothegrowing
numberofNGOsfocusedontheneedsofolderpeople,especially
thoserelatedtosocialcare.
BogusławaUrbaniak’schapteronPoland’spolicyonseniorsis
basedontwokeystrategicdocumentspreparedbythegovernment.
TheseareĆZałożeniaDługofalowejPolitykiSenioralnejwPolscena
lata2014-2020’(Long-termSeniorPolicyinPoland2014-2020)and
SocialPolicyforOlderPeople2030.SECURITY-PARTICIPATION-
SOLIDARITY.AsinHungary,policyplanninginPolandalsotakes
placeontwolevels-centralandregional/local.Thechapter
showsthescopeofresponsibilityofthecentralgovernmentand
localauthoritiesincreatingseniorpolicy.Theretirementpolicy
inPolandisdiscussedmoreatlengthbecauseofongoingreforms
whichwillinfluencethelivingstandardoffuturepensioners.In
makingcomparisonsbetweenRussian,HungarianandPolish
seniorpolicies,itisimportanttorememberthatRussiahas
apopulationof144,500,000(itscapitalcityalonehas12,500,000
inhabitants)(WorldBank2017data)whereasHungaryandPoland
havepopulationsof9,800,000and38,000,000,respectively.
Nonetheless,comparingRussiaandtheothertwocountriesis
rationalbecauseallthreecountriesshareasimilarcommunist
past.
Hungary,PolandandRussiaareexperiencingpopulation
declines.Between2000and2008,thepopulationofHungary
decreasedby4.3%andtheRussianandPolishpopulationsby1.4%
and0.7%,respectively.Worsestill,populationprojectionsforthe
nextfewdecadesarenotoptimisticforanyofthethreecountries.
In2018,theshareofthepopulationaged65andabovewas19%for
Hungary,17%forPoland,and15%forRussia(WorldBank2018
data,http://wdi.worldbank.org/tables(accessed:30.07.2019).