„Silesian Journal of Legal Studies”. Contents Vol. 2

Barbara Mikołajczyk

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ISBN/ISSN:

2353-9666

DOI:

Wydawnictwo:

Uniwersytet Śląski

Rok wydania:

2010

Liczba stron:

138

XML:ISBN/ISSN:

ONIX MARC21

Bibliografia:

. „Silesian Journal of Legal Studies”. Contents Vol. 2. Red. Mikołajczyk, Barbara . Katowice: Uniwersytet Śląski, 2010, 138 s. ISSN 2353-9666

Bibliografia refWorks:

RT Book, Whole

SR Electronic(1)

A2 Mikołajczyk, B.

T1 „Silesian Journal of Legal Studies”. Contents Vol. 2

PB Uniwersytet Śląski

PP Katowice

YR 2010

Bibliografia BibTex:

@Book{ 138860, author = "", editor = "Mikołajczyk, Barbara", title = "„Silesian Journal of Legal Studies”. Contents Vol. 2", publisher = "Uniwersytet Śląski", year = "2010", address = "Katowice", issn = "2353-9666" }

Bibliografia endNote:

TY - BOOK

AU -

ED - Mikołajczyk, Barbara

TI - „Silesian Journal of Legal Studies”. Contents Vol. 2

PB - Uniwersytet Śląski

CY - Katowice

PY - 2010

ER -

Netografia (standard APA):

. Red. Mikołajczyk, Barbara. „Silesian Journal of Legal Studies”. Contents Vol. 2 [baza danych online] Katowice: Uniwersytet Śląski, 2010 [dostęp: 03 07 2024]. Dostęp w Ibuk Libra: https://libra.ibuk.pl/reader/silesian-journal-of-legal-studies-contents-vol-2-barbara-mikolajczyk-138860.

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ISBN/ISSN:

2353-9666

DOI:

Wydawnictwo:

Uniwersytet Śląski

Rok wydania:

2010

Liczba stron:

138

XML:ISBN/ISSN:

ONIX MARC21

TABLE OF CONTENTSEditorial (B a r b a r a M i k o ł a j c z y k)7
On the Necessity of Necessity: An Economic Analysis of Contracts Concluded in a Situation of Need11
B e t t i n a H e i d e r h o f fInformation als Mittel des Verbraucherschutzes im europäischen Verbrauchervertragsrecht – eine Geschichte der Pyrrhussiege26
V a l e r I a I l a r e v aSolitary Confinement of Immigration Detainees45
A n d re j K r i s t a nStructuralist Semiotics vs. Formal Logic in the Reconstruction of Judicial Reasoning58
“Constitutionalisation” of Consumer Rights in European and Polish Law71
J o a n n a J a g o d aRechtsschutz der kommunalen Selbstverwaltung im polnischen Rechtssystem81
S t a n i s ł a w a K a l u sA Uniform Law of Property For Europe – Is It Plausible?94
E l e n a P é r e z C a r r i l l o , F r a n c i s c o H e r n a n d e z R o d r i g u e zCorporate Governance Facing Corporate Social Responsibility: Solving Challenges In The 21st Century101
W o j c i e c h O r g a n i ś c i a kPolish Military Articles of 1775112
J e r z y S t e l m a s i a k , E w e l i n a I w a n e k - C h a c h a jAn Integrated Permit As The Legal Measure For Environmental Protection121
BOOK REVIEWESNeil MacComick: Practical Reason in Law and Morality. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2008 (L i d i a R o d a k)129

PéterCserne1,ÁkosSzalai2

ONTHENECESSITYOFNECESSITY:

ANECONOMICANALYSISOFCONTRACTS

CONCLUDEDINASITUATIONOFNEED

1.INTRODUCTION

Necessityasalegaltermfiguresinmanydifferentareasofthelaw.Incriminallaw,it

referstocaseswhenoneispermittedorexcusedtodowhatotherwisewouldbeaseri-

ouscrime.Forinstance,whenonesaveshisownlifeinanextremeemergencybykill-

inganinnocentother,necessitymayprovideamoralandeventuallyalsoalegalexcuse

forhim(Cohen,1985;Ghanayim,2006).Inconstitutionallawnecessityisapartofthe

testthatsomeconstitutionalcourtsapplyindecidingwhethertoallowthelimitation

offundamentalrightsforthebenefitofotherrightsorinterests.Ininternationalcon-

stitutionalandcriminallaw,itiscurrentlyheavilydebatedwhetherthestate,i.e.public

officialsandinstitutionsshouldbeallowedtoinvokenecessityinordertolegitimately

exercisesomeexceptionalpowers.Forinstance,itisoftenwithreferenceto“necessi-

ty”or“emergency”thatgovernmentsorofficialsattempttojustifyemployingtorture,

steppingbeyondcertainproceduralrulesinthenameof“higherinterests”orstopping

therepaymentofsovereigndebts.

Privatelawrulesalsorefertonecessityinvariouscontexts.Intortlawinthenarrow

sense,thedoctrineofnecessityreferstothequestionwhetheronehastocompensate

fordamagescausedwhileexercisingself-helpinemergency(Symposium,2006;Viss-

cher,2008).Moregenerally,innon-contractualcontextsnecessityconcernssituations

wheretheinjurerbreachesadutyandcauseslossestothevictimbuttheharmiseither

notregardedasbeingcausedunlawfullyoratanyratedamagesarenotduebecausethe

dutywascancelledbyaninterestofahigherorder.Thestandardexampleiswhensome-

bodyforcesthedoorofanemptyhouseinordertofindshelteragainstaheavystorm.

Asforcontracts,whenanofferismadeoranagreementisreachedinasituation

whenoneofthepartiesisin“necessity”inthesenseofhavinginadequatealternatives

thequestionariseswhethercourtsshouldconsidertheagreementasavalidcontract,

modifyitorinvalidateit.Inmanynationalcontractlawspromisesmadeunderneces-

sityareeithervoidorvoidableorthepartyclaimingthathisvulnerabilitywasexploit-

edmayseekajudicialmodificationofthecontract.

Thispaperprovidesaneconomicanalysisofsuchtransactions.Inordertogivean

ideaofwhattypeofcasesmightbeconcernedwestartwithbrieflymentioningafew

possiblescenarios(Trebilcock,1993:chapter2).(1)Thehighwaymancase:creation

andexploitationoflife-threateningrisks.Amuggerholdsupapasser-byconfronting

himwiththeproposition:CYourmoneyoryourlife’andthepasser-bycommitshim-

selftohandoverthemoney.(2)Thetugandthefounderingshipcase:exploitationbut

1TilburgLawandEconomicsCentre,Tilburg,TheNetherlands.

2CorvinusUniversityFacultyofEconomics,Budapest,Hungary.

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