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Partieisystemypartyjne
state-widepartiesarenotonlythosethatpossessanorganisationalstructure
onthelargerpartofstateterritory,butonesthatintheirpoliticalstrategy
articulategroupinterestsconcerningtheentirepopulationoritspartwithout
territoriallimitations(i.e.regionalorlocal),whicharepossibletoachieve
viathecentralstateauthorities;2)theregionallevel,inwhichstate-wide
andregionalpartiescompete.Theyarticulatetheinterestsofthecommuni-
tiesofagivenregionintheirprogramandstriveforpowerattheregional
publicauthoritylevel;3)locallevel,inwhichstate-wide,regionalandlocal
partiescompetewitheachother,andwhich,viatheterritorialgovernment
bodies,articulatetheirlocalcommunityinterests.Thecapacityforaction
andachievingpoliticalinterestsatthesecondandthirdleveldependsonthe
levelofdecentralisationofthestate,andthreepoliticalsystemsarepossible
insuchsetups.Inthecaseoftheregionallevel,therewilleitherbeafederal
system,aterritorialautonomysystemoraterritorialself-governmentsystem.
However,atthelowestleveltherewillbeacertainrangeofprivilegesgrant-
edunderthescopeofaterritorialself-government.
Thereisnodoubtthatadefinitionofapartysystemneedstobe
adopted.Thepartysystem,inmyview,spansthreelevelsofrelations:1)
betweenpartiesandthestate,rememberinghowever,thatwearenotonly
dealingwithissuestodowithwinningpowerinstateinstitutions,butalso
withthefactthatthestateisthesourceofregulations,includinglegalones,
concerningpoliticalparties;2)staticanddynamicrelationsbetweenpoliti-
calpartiesbasedonstandardsofcompetitionthataredefinedforapolitical
system;3)therelationsbetweenpartiesandsocietyviaspecificmechanisms
ofsocialcommunication.This,undoubtedlyisabroadunderstandingof
apartysystem,onewhichgoesbeyondtheconfigurationandinterconnec-
tionsexistingbetweenparties.Theuseoftheconceptofthesystemitself
suggeststhattheconnectionsbetweentheelementsofthisisolatedarrange-
mentaremoreimportantthantheaggregationofitselements.Thisissuewas
alreadyresolvedalongtimeago.Inordertoillustratethesituation,letus
recallthepositionofRyszardHerbut,whoclaimedthatnotonlystaticand
dynamicrelationsbetweenpartiesareincludedinthepartysystem,butalso
“asystemofinterconnectionsformedatvariouslevelsofthepoliticalsystem:
i.e.theelectorallevel,theparliamentary-cabinetlevelandtheorganisational
level.”
20
KonstantyA.Wojtaszczykalsomentionsthat“[ł]thepartysystem
encompassespoliticalparties,theentiretyoftherelationshipsexisting
betweenthemaswellastherulesandstandardsregulatingboththeinter-party
20
R.Herbut:Systemypartyjne.W:Demokracjezachodnioeuropejskie.Analizapo-
równawcza.Red.A.Antoszewski,R.Herbut.Wrocław1997,p.137.Theseremarks,
havebeenelaboratedmorebroadlyintheworkofA.Antoszewski,R.Herbut:Systemy
politycznewspółczesnegoświata.Gdańsk2001,p.120.
