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THEPUBLICORDERINREPUBLICANROME
previousoneinbeingameasureundertakenonthebasisofthe
senate)sdecision,andnotbyindividualpoliticiansortheirback-
ers.SuchaformulawasusedbyL.CorneliusScipioNasicain133
B.C.againstT.SemproniusGracchus.;2Similarly,itwasappliedin
121B.C.againstTiberius)brotherC.SemproniusGracchus,in99
B.C.againstL.AppuleiusSaturninus,andadaptedbyC.Calpurnius
Pisoin67B.C.;3
Tethirdwayofsolvingproblemsmeantbreakingtherepubli-
canrulesandleadingthearmywithintheboundariesoftheCity
(pomerium).In88B.C.L.CorneliusSullafirstusedhismilitary
troopstomaintainobedienceinRome;thesameactionC.Mar-
iusandL.CorneliusCinnadidthefollowingyear;;4whilstin52
B.C.thesenateofciallyentitledCn.PompeiusMagnustoleadthe
armyintoItalyandthereuponintroducepeaceinRome,troubled
byfightsamongtheparties.;5Ten,in47B.C.,MarkAntonyprac-
ticedit,beingMasteroftheHorse(magisterequitum)ofJuliusCae-
saratthetime,;6andintheperiodoftheSecondTriumviratea
customlikethisbecameanorm.;,
InthetimesofAugustus)autocracy,theoldmethodsofmaintain-
ingthesocialorderwhichhadbeendevelopingduringtheRepub-
lichadstoppedfulfillingtheirfunctionalongtimebefore.Tanks
tohisvictoryinthecivilwar,thefirstemperorachievedaman-
dateforwieldingpower.Althoughheputmuchefortintocreat-
;2App.BC1.16/67-8;Val.Max.3.2.17.
;3C.SemproniusGracchus:App.BC1.26/116;Gabba(1972)775;Nippel(1988)83-4.
L.AppuleiusSaturninus:Cic.Rab.Perd.20;Val.Max.3.2.18;Seager(1967)9-10;
Gabba(1972)783;Nippel(1988)84.C.CalpurniusPiso:Asc.75;cf.Serv.Aen.8.1;
Lintott(1968)91.
;4App.BC1.63/281,1.66-75/301-46esp.1.71/325.Gabba(1951)187-8,258-9;(1972)795-
7;Echols(1957-8)378;Lintott(1968)212;Gruen(1968)229;cf.Nippel(1988)87-94;
CAH2ix171.
;5Cic.Mil.37-9;Asc.31-5,42-3;Cass.Dio40.48-50;Plut.Cat.min.47;Pomp.54;
Caes.28.3-7.J.Humbert(1925)123-5;Lintott(1968)91,215,cf.(1974)71-3.
;6App.BC2.92/386.Echols(1957-8)378.
;,App.BC4.35/147-8.Hirschfeld(1913)579;Echols(1957-8)379;Freis(1967)4;Nippel
(1984)29;contraDellaCorte(1980)676=(1971-2000)vii152;cf.Hor.Carm.3.8.17.
19