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Introduction
thearmedforcesoperatinginasituation“betweenwarand
stabilization”
,whereanopponentdifculttoidentify(without
signsorbadges)operatesinthe“greyzone”
,pursuingitsgoals
oftabooingviolence(verbalizingviolencecreatingtheillusion
ofvoluntarybehaviourbyactorsintheconflict)andusesthe
ambiguityofthesituationtoavoidastrongreactionfromthe
nationalarmedcomponents.
Since2004,artificialintelligence(AI)algorithms,likefutu-
rologicalself-fulfillingprophecies,togetherwithIT(Informa-
tionTechnology)havecreateda“technologicalsingularity”3,the
mostnightmarishversionofthearmsrace.Itspotentialaimsat
ensuringanabsoluteadvantageinthebattlespacetooneside.
Tus,anunpredictabledestructionscenariomayberealized,
inwhichsuperhumansuperintelligence“willgotowar”with
thegoalofachievingcompletevictory.Teuseofknowledge-
basedweaponsofmassdestructionbyworldpowers(“Weap-
onsofMathDestruction”4)mayleadtotheinstallationinthe
combattaskspaceofself-replicatingrobots,androids(killing
machines,e.g.resemblingcyborgs5),andcyber-physicalsys-
tems,e.g.autonomousvehicles.Fromthecognitivepointof
view,thereare“criticalunknowns”thatmayormaynotmate-
rializeinthefuture,buttheyalreadyhaveamajorimpacton
thecreationofglobalandregionalsecurityscenarios.Tesce-
nariosshouldalsotakeintoaccounttheself-replicatingandwill
3Tetermwasfirstusedin1993bytheAmericansciencefictionwriterVer-
norVingeintheessayTeComingTechnologicalSingularity:Howtosurviveinthe
post-humanera,SanDiego1993.Vingeassumedthatmachinetechnologywasthis
momentinhumanhistory.whenartificialintelligencereachesthepointthatbe-
ginsanewerabeyondhumanreason.
4C.O’Neil,WeaponsofMathDestruction:HowBigDataIncreasesInequality
andTreatensDemocracy,Crown,NewYork2016.
5Cyborg(atermcoinedin1960byManfredClynesandNathanKline,NASA
scientists)-astylisticfigureusedtodescribethecyberneticanthropoidorganism
inwhichtheorganiccapacityandperceptionshavebeengreatlyenhanced.
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