Treść książki
Przejdź do opcji czytnikaPrzejdź do nawigacjiPrzejdź do informacjiPrzejdź do stopki
planningofNewTowns.26
Theconceptof“participation”canbetakenas
athirdexample.WhatarchitectsinZagrebandBelgrade
deemedanarchitecturalinterpretationoftheself-
managementsysteminsocialistYugoslavia,andwhat
Hansensawasaconsequenceofsocialism,took
onanentirelydifferentmeaninginWestAfrica.There,
CharlesPolónyisawresidents’participationinthe
constructionoftheirownhousestobeanindispensable
ingredientfortacklingurbanizationwithinsufficient
resources.ThiscanbecontrastedwiththeTerniproject
byGiancarloDeCarlo(1969–1974),whichwas
commissionedbytheItaliannationalsteelcorporationfor
itsworkersandtheirfamilies.IntheBykerWallproject
byRalphErskineinNewcastle-upon-Tyne(1968–1981),
participationbyusersaimedbothtogaininformation
abouttheirpreferencesandtoorganizeshared
responsibility.27Fromtheearly1960s,thediscourse
inFranceorBritainregardingparticipationhadbeenused
byseveralarchitectstoopposethepaternalismofthe
welfarestatewhileannouncingtheemergenceofanew
systemofgovernability,whileinsocialistcountriesitwas
launchedbythosewhowantedtodisposeofthe
remnantsoftheStalinistregimes,takingeitherreformist
ordissidentpositions.Inspiteofthesedifferences,
participationofinhabitantsalwaysrequiredaprogram
oftheireducationandtherethinkingofmodels
ofgovernance—allkeytopicsforTeam10,whichcalled
forspecificanswersinresponsetolocalconditions.
Thesedivergentpathstotheconcepts
of“openness,”“greatestnumber”and“participation”
makeitclearthatTeam10discoursewasessentially
structuredbywhatitalmostalwayssilenced:thesocialist
project.HermanHertzbergeraddressedthisintuition
whenhestatedthat“inarchitectureTeam10andCIAM
aswellaretheequivalentofsocialism.”Heimmediately
qualifiedthis:“I’mnotsayingliterally.MaybeGiancarlo
DeCarloistheonlyonewhodirectlylinkedpoliticsand
architecture.BakemacertainlydidnotandAldovanEyck
