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WacławRapak
JagiellonianUniversity
CRAFTINGBETWEENCODESHENRIMICHAUX
Takingasapointofdeparturemodernisminthebroadestsense1andassum-
ingasaliteraryandartisticframetheconsiderationspresentedhere,Ipropo-
sethattheartisticandliteraryphenomenonofsynthesisinthearts-aswell
asalnitiesbetweenthearts-assumesinthelate19thandearly20thcentury
amarkedlydiversecharacterthatclearlydifersfromtraditionalforms.It
wasthenthattheartsbegantoundergodiferentiation,aprocessstillun-
derwaytoday,whosesoleestheticandartisticcriterionseemstohavebeen,
andremains,originality.Atthesametime,synthesis(alnity)cametobe
usedmoreandmoreofeninasenseapproachingsyncretism-modernity/
modernism(s)-oreveneclecticism-post-modernisminabroadsense.Itis
wellknownthatFranceandFrench-speakingEuropeancountries(especially
BelgiumandSwitzerland),theterrainexploredhere,playedaparticularly
crucialroleinsearchingfornewwaysandmeansofexpression.Alistofkey
phenomenaandemblematicpersonagescouldhardlybeginotherthanwith
StéphaneMallarmé,BlaiseCendrars,GuillaumeApollinaire,VictorSegalen,
PaulClaudel2andJeanCocteau.3Teseareobviouslybutafewnamesamong
agreatmanyinthisepoch,bywhichImeanthetwentiethcentury,anera
1
See,forexample,theentryinSłownikterminówliterackich,editedbyJ.Sławiński.
2
Iamreferringtoanunpublisheddissertationbyadoctoralcandidateofmine,
AgnieszkaKuraś-Kukuryk,whocarriedoutathoroughreviewofimportantphenomenaand
formsinvolvingthecoexistenceofwrittenandgraphiccodesintherstthirtyyearsofthe
20thcentury.Successfullydefendedin2013,theworkisentitleduPictographyastheCreative
CoexistenceofWrittenandGraphicCodesintheFrenchLiteratureoftheFirstTirtyYears
ofthe20thCentury.”
3
IconsiderthemostrecentworkonthissubjecttobeMałgorzataZawadzka)sdoctoral
thesis,entitleduJeanCocteau:lepoètefaceauxartsplastiques.”Inmentioningthisandthe
previousthesis,mypointisalsotoshowthattheproblemofthecoexistenceofdiferentcodes
intheworksofmodern/modernistwritersandartistsisofinteresttoagrowingnumberof
juniorscholars.