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14
WacławRapak
oncepithilydescribedasanageofpaintingpoetsandwritingpainters,of
moderncreatorsmovinginconstantlychangingdirections.uOpenness”in
acategoricalsense4isnotjustanindicatorofwhattraditionally-forlack
ofabetterterm-stillgoesbythenameofsynthesisoralnityofthearts.In
thishistoricalandartisticcontext,co-implicationofcodesleadstonewty-
pesorkindsofsymbolicity,eachoriginalinitsownway.Undoubtedly,Mal-
larméantypographyopensthe(r)evolutionaryroadtochangesandtransfor-
mations,eachofwhichinitsownwaylaysthefoundationfornewprinciples
forbothcreatingandevaluatingnewtypesofwork.Liberatedfromgeneric
andcategoricallimitations,poeticlanguageviolatestheprincipleofhomo-
geneityandcontinuity,thebestexampleofwhichis,ofcourse,thecollage
aspraxisandnucleusofanewpoetics.Teintertwining,theco-existence
andmultilevelsimultaneityofwordsandimages,5thetextbookexamplesof
whichtodayarecalligrammes,ideograms,graphisms,pictographsandvisu-
alpoetry,arecloselyconnectedwithnewformsofmaterialityandspatiality
characteristicofmodern(modernist)worksand,incidentally,ofpostmod-
ernworks;forsuch(post)modernworks,thelabeluliterary”orupoetic”no
longersulces.Teproblemiswidelyrecognisedasexceptionallyserious
andfar-reaching.InthisbriefintroductionIwilllimitmyselftoobser-
vingthatfromasemioticperspective,theaforementionedco-implication
ofcodes-thewrittencodeandthegraphicorartisticone-andthesym-
bolicitycloselyconnectedwithitrequirepassingfromthecategoryofin-
tertextualitytowardsoneofintersemioticityand/orintermediality6when
dealingwithboththegenesisandreceptionofawork.
Assumingthebackgroundbrieflyoutlinedaboveasrepresentativeofthe
tendenciesdominantinthefirsthalfofthe20thcentury,Icanconfidently
assertthatauniquepositionshouldbeaccordedtoHenriMichaux,apoet
Ihavelongbeenoccupiedwith,onewhoshareswiththeaforementioned
artistsandwritersifnottheyearofhisbirth(1899)thencertainlytheyearof
hisliterarydebut(1922).Tis,asisgenerallyknown,wasthemomentwhen
Dadaismtransformedintosurrealism-notleastduetotheartisticactivity
ofAndréBreton.Withintwoyears,themovementwouldearnitscitizenship
andcometoexistfullynotonlyintheconsciousnessofFrenchreadersand
4
Forexample,theendofthe19thcenturyandtheearly20thsawthebeginningofaprocess
whichbroughtphilosophyandpoetryor,morebroadly,literatureclosertogether.Like
NietzscheandBergson,philosophersresortedtopoeticmeansofexpression.Telistincludes
St.Mallarmé,Kafa,Michaux,PessoaandCamus-uphilosophising”writers.SeeDeleuze
&Guattari,Qu)est-cequelaphilosophie?,EditionsdeMinuit,1991,Critiqueseries.
5
Andso,forexample,incubistpoetryitassumestheformofbothsimultaneityand
juxtaposition.
6
Cf.K.Chmielecki,Estetykaintermedialności,Kraków:Rabid,2008.
