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8
Introduction
insocietiesandintroducedtheconceptof“democratizinginnovation”.
H.W.Chesbrough(2006a)presentsanotherresearchtrendanddefinesthe
conceptof“openinnovation”,wherebyenterprisesshoulduseexternalsources
ofinnovationintheprocessesofcreatingandimplementingnewideas.Tese
approacheshaveresultedinaparadigmshiffromaclosedsystemtowards
anopensystem,wheretheusersoftheproductsareofentheco-authorsof
innovation.Suchchangesrequiretheintroductionofnewsolutionsinthefield
ofinnovationmanagement.
Tesetrendshaveasignificantimpactontherequisiteapproachtoconditions
ańectingthemanagementofinnovation.Manyauthorsclassifythesedeterminants
asexternalandinternal(Drucker1992;Bogdanienko1998;Stawasz1999;Janasz
&Kozioł2007).Endogenousconditionsarematerial,capitalandhumanresources
oftheenterpriseaswellasknowledgeanditsinternaltransferfocusingon
experience,skillsandtheabilitytoapplyinnovations.Appropriatemanagement
systems,motivations,organizationalcultureandinstitutionalsolutionsfavour
theusefulnessoftheseinnovativesources.Externalconditionsinfluencingthe
innovativeabilitycanbeclassifiedtakingintoaccountelementsofthefurther
andcloserenvironment,including,amongothers,environmentalconditions,
economic,politicalandscientificenvironment.Teeńectofthisanalysisof
internalandexternalconditionsshouldbetheknowledgeandprocessesbywhich
itisaccumulatedintheenterprise.
Tegrowingeconomicimportanceofinnovationisreflectedintheliterature
ofthesubjectandineconomicandsocialpractice.Fromabroadperspective,
innovationissomethingnew,dińerentfromexistingsolutions.TeOsloManual
(2005)elaboratesthisconcept,defininginnovationsasscientific,technological,
organizational,financialandcommercialactivitiesnecessarytocreate,implement
andcommercializeaneworimprovedproductorprocess.AsA.H.Jasiński
(2014)states,untilrecentlyinnovationswereidentifiedmainlywithproductand
processinnovationsthatweretheengineoftechnologicaldevelopment.Currently,
thethirdimportantformofthisphenomenonisserviceinnovation,whichisthe
resultofthegrowingimportanceofservicesintheeconomy.
Tesubjectofthismonographareconsiderationsonthedeterminantsof
innovationmanagementintourismenterprisesandtheservicestheyprovide.
Today,tourismisanimportantsphereofeconomicandsocialactivity.Itdemon
-
stratesahighabilitytogeneratenewjobs,usuallyraisesthequalityoflifeof
localcommunities,andhelpstoincreasethecompetitivenessofregions,through
abetteruseoftheirpotential(Rapacz2007;Gołembski2007;Jędrzejczyk2010
i2014;Wiatrak2010).
Tedevelopmentoftourismprovidesasignificantimpulsefortheeconomic
developmentofthecountryandregions(Bednarczyk2010),becauseitisone
ofthefastest-growingsectorsoftheeconomyintheworld.Asindicatedbythe
studyoftheWorldTourismOrganization(UNWTO2011),tourismaccounts
