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CHAPTER1
WashbackandImpact
Thisbookconcernstheroletheexternalpublicexaminationinforeign
languageplaysintheteachingandlearningprocessinlowersecondary
schoolinPolandandwithintheeducationsystemingeneral.Theexternal
examinationismandatoryforallyoungpeopleinmainstreameducation
attheendofthethirdstageofeducation,currentlyYear9,whentheyare
15–16yearsold.
Inthischapterwebegintoconsidertherelationshipbetweenexaminations
andteachingandlearning,firstbydiscussingtheeffectswhichatestmay
haveonasmall-scale,withinaclassroom,onlearnersandteachersandon
thelearningandteachingprocess.Westudytheconceptofwashback,trace
thehistoryofhowunderstandingofitsworkingshavedeveloped,through
examiningdifferentmodels,offeredbyvariousauthors,andreviewwork
doneonthewashbackoftestsingeneraleducationandalsoontestsof
foreignlanguage.Aswefollowthesestudiesweseehowresearchfindings
havecontributedtocurrentunderstandingofthephenomenonofwashback.
Inthesecondpartofthechapterwemovetoalargerscale,considering
theroleexaminationsplaybeyondtheindividualclassroom,ineducation
systems,whichisreferredtoastestimpact.Asimpactisacomplexprocess,
itisconceptualizedindifferentwaysbydifferentauthorsandwewill
seeconnectionswiththefieldsofeducationalevaluation,innovationand
change,andsocialstudies.Wewilllookatdifferentmodelswhichattempt
toexplainthemechanismsatworkandshowthelargenumberoffactors
involvedintheprocess.Thesemodelsbecomecleareraswereviewtheir
applicationinstudiesconductedontheimpactofnationalexaminations
indifferentcountriesandofinternationalexaminations,usedworldwide.
Herewewillalsoseehowstudyingtheeffectofaninternationalexamin
differentcontextsisusedwithintheprocessoftestdesignandvalidation.
1010Definingterms
Testingandassessmentareanintegralpartofeducationinschool.Assess-
mentisusedheretorefertotheprocessbywhichteachersgatherinforma-
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