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Theneedtotakesocio-biologicalperspectiveintoaccountinhistoricalin-
vestigationshadalreadybeenrightlynotedoverthreedecadesago.Asoneof
itsadvocateswrote,HForhistorians,thisisthecommontheme-wemight
understandthepresentbyunderstandingourwrittenpast.Darwiniansadd
thisvariation-wemightunderstandthewrittenpastbyunderstandingour
evolutionarypast.”22Thedemandthatatleastsomeofthefindingsofsociobi-
ologyandrelatedcurrentsbeconsideredisadvancedinjurisprudenceaswell,
forexamplewithrespecttotheoriginsofandenactmentoflaw23,althoughit
hastobeadmittedthatsuchanapproachgivesrisetocontroversy.24
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22Betzig(1991):140.Ontheapplicationofevolutionaryconceptsinsocialsciencesseee.g.
Alock(2001):esp.189-216;Zywicki(2000);Barkow(2006);Stone,Lurquin(2009):esp.11-24,
167-211;Ploeger(2010);Roberts(2012);Scheidel(2013).Aboldattempttotakeevolutionist
conceptsintoaccountintheanalysisofdevelopmentanddeclineoftheRomanstatewasmade
byFrost(2010).Sincehisanalysisissuperficial,sociobiologicalconceptsshouldbeaddressed-
criticallyaswell-byhistoriansandRomanstudiesexperts.Inthisrespectseee.g.Scheidel
(1996);Pankiewicz(2001);Scheidel(2009a)and(2009b).Thisisbynomeansaneasytask,due
tothedifficultiesintransposinghypothesesadvancedbyvariouscurrentsofevolutionism.See
e.g.Nettle(2010).
23Cf.Beckstrom(1991);Elliott(1997);Zywicki(1999);Kuklin(2004);Jones(2005);Jones,
Goldsmith(2005);Zywicki(2007);Hoffman(2008);Zamboni(2008);Dyevre(2010);Hołyst
(2010);Zamboni(2010);Fruehwald(2011);Gommer(2012).WithrespecttoPolishlegaltheory,
asynthesisofviewswhichsupportthisresearchperspectivewaspresentedbyZałuski(2009).
TheGruterInstituteforLawandBehavioralResearchsupportsstudieswhichincludeevolu-
tionistconceptsinjurisprudence-seehttp://www.gruterinstitute.org.Theseissuesarealso
addressedbySocietyforEvolutionaryAnalysisinLaw(SEAL),https://www4.vander
bilt.edu/seal/.InPoland,themilieuisgatheredaroundtheCopernicusCenterforInterdisci-
plinaryStudiesinCracow,http://www.copernicuscenter.edu.pl/homeen/(relatedquestions
weredisucussedinpaperpublishedintheCracowStudiesinPhilosophyandLaw,especiallynos
4-5);thewebsiteoffersextensiveinformationandlinkstoworksapplyingthoseconceptsin
jurisprudenceandPolishSocietyforHumanandEvolutionStudies(PolskieTowarzystwo
NaukoCzłowiekuiEwolucji-PTNCE),http://ptnce.pl.Seealsotherecentpapersin
Zumbansen,Callies(2011):esp.pp.248-294.
24InPolishwritingsseeesp.Brożek(2010);(2011)and(2012):181-248(setagainstother
conceptsontheessenceandoriginsoflaw),withextensivebibliography.Brożekdoes
acknowledgetheachievementsofnaturalsciencesinunderstandingtheessenceofhumanity,
butalsoveryaptlyindicatessomeoftheirlimitations.Ultimately,heoptsforthecompromise
presentedbyMichaelTomasello,aconceptknownasmutualism(whichpresupposesrecipro-
caldependencyofbiologyandcultureinhumanevolution,withemphasisonthelatterfactor).
SeeTomasello(2002)and(2009).Brożek,relyingchieflyonlogicalreasoning,comestoacon-
clusionthatHitwouldbedifficulttoclaimthatthereexistsaclearlyidentifiablebiological
foundationofmoral(andlegal)norms)”;quotedafter:Brożek(2012):211.Althoughthedis-
quisitiondoesnotlacklogicalcohesion,theyhaveonemajorflaw:theyfailtomentionthe
findingsofexperimentalstudiesconductedbyresearchersassociatedwithcurrentsrelatedto
sociobiology,whichcorroboratetheirprincipaltheses,andquotesonlyselectedstudiesand
interpretationswhichunderminethosetheses(chieflybyM.Tomasello,whichwereconcerned
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