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Atthesametime,Iamfullyawareofthedifficultyassociatedwithem-
ployinghistoricalargumentnexttothemuchlateraxiologicaljustifications
oftheneedandsignificanceofseparatejudicialpower,whichistreatedas
thefoundationofthecontemporarydemocraticsystem.29Historicalargu-
mentdoesnotrankasessential,butitremainsimportantandrelevant,given
thefactthatnotionsfromRomanlawstillexertaninfluenceonpubliclaw.
Oneofthemosteminenthistoriansoflaw,HelmutCoing,wasrightinas-
sertingthatitwasamistaketoattachexcessiveimportancetothedivision
intoRomanprivateandpubliclawandtotheconvictionthatonlyprivate
lawisfittobeadoptedinonewayoranother.30Theconceptswhich
emergedinRomanpubliclawweresubjectedtorenewedreadingandrein-
terpretationinmedievalEurope.31ThisbroughtaboutRomanizationoflegal
terminology,includingstate-relatednomenclature.AsregardsPoland,there
isawidelyheldconvictionthatthepoliticalsystemoftheNobles’Republic
emulatedthesystemoftheRomanone,byvirtueofwhichResPublicaPo-
lonorumwastobeadirectcontinuationResPublicaeRomanorumwhiletheHna-
tionofthenobles”wasconstruedtomeanpopulusRomanus.32Sincetheearly
modernperiod,thedevelopmentoftheconceptofpublicpowerreducedthe
impactofRomantradition.Nevertheless,thebasicsetofnotionsandtermi-
nologyrelatingtostatelawstilldrawsuponRomanlaw.Itwouldsufficeto
mentionthetermofiurisdictio,oneofthekeynotionsinthecontextofthis
work.ItsoriginsdatebacktothearchaicformofRomanlawandassumed
variousmeaningsinRomansources.33Today,itisunderstoodmostoftenas
competencetoexamineacertaintypeofissuesandcorrespondstotheno-
tionofterritorialjurisdiction.Therefore,evenifthelinksbetweenjurispru-
denceandRomanpubliclawhavebecomerelaxed,itdoesnotmeanthatthe
connectionhasbeensevered.Henceithasbeenrightlyobservedthat„the
politicalalphabetofnotions,comprisingsuchcategoriesasdemocracyand
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29SeegeneraldiscussioninStelmach(2003):84.
30Coing(1982):esp.132withcriticalreferencestoargumentationbySavigny[(1840):69]
andthefirmopinionofthelatterthatHDahergehörtnichtdiewichtigeAusschliessungdes
StaatsrechtvonallerheutigenAnwendung,sondernauchdieAusschliessungganzer,dem
PrivatsrechtangehörendenRechtsinstituten,wiez.b.DesSklavenrecht,desColonats,der
Stipulation.HAlthoughoneshouldconcurwiththerejectionofthepossibilityofappealingto
suchinstitutionsaslawonslaves,colonateorstipulatio,applyingSavigny’sremarktothe
entiretyofpubliclawwouldbeunconscionable.
31TheremarksconcerningtheimpactofRomantraditionweretakenfromJohnson
(1997):107.
32Polybius(oTopίll6,11-18)discernedtraitsofthreevarioussystemsinRepublican
Rome:monarchy,aristocracyanddemocracy.SeeHammer(1957):XVI-XVIII.Theconcepts
wereadoptedinPolandbeforepartitions.Seee.g.Axer(1995):esp.74;Olszewski(2002):32-35.
33SeeSzymoszek(1971).
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