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Example1.4
JeżelinawetniecisnęlisięnazdobycieZiemiŚwiętej,(to)bronilichrześcijaństwa.
[EveniftheydidnotventuretoconquertheHolyLand,theydefendedChris-
tianity.]
Finally,thethirdconcession-relatedschemadescribedbyGrochowski(2006:
231)highlightstheindependenceofthepropositionofthemainclauseandthat
ofthesubordinateclause,andinPolishitistypiedbythe-kolwiekmorpheme
(seeExample1.5)intheqniezależyodq(pdoesnotdependonq)pattern.
Example1.5
(a)Kiedykolwiekspojrzywokno,widaćsąsiadawogrodzie.
[Whenevershelooksthroughthewindow,herneighbourcanbeseenin
thegarden.
=Regardlessofwhenshelooksthroughthewindow,ł]
(b)KtokolwiekodwiedzałMarię,zapraszałagodostołu.
[WhoevervisitedMary,sheinvitedhimtositatthetable.
=RegardlessofwhovisitedMary,ł]
ItisinthecontextoftheabovestructuresimplyingindependencethatGro-
chowskireferstomultiplemarkersassociatedwithconcession,includingmulti-
wordadverbsliketakczyowak,takczyinaczej,wkażdymrazieandmulti-word
prepositionsniezależnieodandbezwzględuna(cf.Pisarkowa1974:87).Yet,
thelinguistconcludesthat,regardlessoftheterminologicalconventionsadopt-
ed,markersofindependencemaynotbesubsumedbysemanticequivalentsof
choćby.Forthatreason,hisnarrowinterpretationofconcessionexcludesthis
groupofmarkersfromthecategoryofconcessives.Finally,itneedstobere-
memberedthatthemarkersreferredtointheforegoingdiscussionaresubjectto
differentsyntacticconstraintsandassuch,theycannotalwaysbeusedassubsti-
tutesinthesamestructures.
Evidenceofasimilarapproachtoconcessivitycanalsobefoundininves-
tigationscarriedoutbyEnglish-andGerman-speakingresearchers,ofwhom
Rudolph(1996)deservesduerecognition.Hercross-linguisticstudy,motivated
bytheintentiontoanalysetrendsnoticeableinLatin-basedgrammarwriting,
involvedcontrastrelationsexempliedbyitsadversativeandconcessivesub-
typesinEnglish,German,SpanishandPortuguese.Pointingtotheapplication
ofadversativerelationsinvedistinctsituations,Rudolphclassiestheirinstan-
tiationsasthoserelatedtosemanticopposition,denialofexpectation,correc-
tion,argumentationand,nally,theconversationalsituation.Withregardtothe
concessiverelation,acknowledgingLerch’sdistinction(1929)intoconcessives
dealingwithrealandsupposedfacts(Rudolph1996:182),shetalksaboutreal
concessivesandhypotheticalones(cf.Pisarkowa1974andGrochowski2003).
InRudolph’s(1996:180)view,mostoftherealconcessivesareexpressed
intheformofthemainclausecombinedwithasubordinateclause,withtheir
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