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TeAjaseComplexandFreudianPsychoanalysis…
31
1910s.12Japanesepsychoanalysisdevelopedinthe1920sand1930stogetherwith
theestablishmentoftheso-calledTohokuSchool,andsincethenhascontrib-
utedsomeoriginalinsightstothegeneralvisionofthehumanpsyche.13Japan’s
foundingfatherofpsychoanalysis,MaruiKiyoyasu,wastheteacherofKosawa
Heisaku(1897-1968),14theoriginatoroftheconceptofthe“Ajasecomplex.”
In1932KosawatravelledtoVienna,wherehevisitedSigmundFreudathis
houseatBerggasse19topresenthimhispaper(writteninGerman)entitled
“TwoTypesofGuiltFeeling.TeAjaseComplex”–achallengetoWesternpsy-
choanalyticalthought.TepapercontainedananalysisoftheoldBuddhisttale,
revealingapathofmaturationfoundednotonthetripartitefather-son-mother
relation,butonthesuccessivestagesofthedual,pre-Oedipalmother-sonbond.
WhiletheOedipuscomplexisshapedbythelogicofopposition,petrifyingthe
conflictbetweenwishandprohibition,thesubconsciousandtheconscious,the
Ajasestoryshowsthedynamicofoppositeforcesleadingtofinal,positiveresolu-
tionbasedonthreeintertwinedmotifs:sweetmutuallove,forgiveness,and“great
compassion.”15However,theyareperceivedandexperiencedinapeculiarway,
shapedbyJapanesetraditions.
12ApaperbyKaisonOthsukientitled“TePsychologyofForgetfulness”appearedin1912.
InthesameyearKimuraKyuichipublished“HowtoDetecttheSecretsoftheMindandtoDis-
coverRepression,”suggestingmethodsofexploringthehumanpsyche.SeeKeigoOkonogi,“Psy-
choanalysisinJapan,”inFreudandtheFarEast;PsychoanalyticPerspectivesonPeopleandCul-
tureofChina,JapanandKorea,ed.SalmanAkhtar(Lanham:JasonAronson,2010),9.
13
Cf.GeońreyH.BlowersandSerenaYangHsuehChi,“Freud)sDeshi:TeComingofPsy-
choanalysistoJapan,”JournaloftheHistoryoftheBehavioralSciences33,no.2:115-26.Tearticle
describesconflictsinthesmallcommunityofJapanesepsychoanalysists;someofthembasedtheir
researchontheFreudianlegacy,whileotherssuggestedsolutionsconditionedbyEasternthought,
mostlyrootedinBuddhism,andJapaneseculturaltraditions.Eventuallytwoinstitutions,theJap-
anesePsychoanalyticSocietyandtheJapanPsychoanalyticalAssociation,werefounded.
14
KosawaHeisaku(1897-1968),apsychoanalystwholaidthefoundationofpsychoanalysisin
Japan.In1926hegraduatedfromtheSchoolofMedicineofTohokuUniversity,wherehestudied
underProfessorKiyoyasuMarui.In1931heacceptedthepositionofassociateprofessorofpsychia-
trythere.From1932to1933hestudiedattheViennaPsychoanalyticInstitute.Kosawawasthefirst
Japanesetoattendthe12thCongressoftheInternationalPsychoanalyticalAssociationinWiesbaden,
wherehemetHeinzHartmannandKarlMenninger.In1934heopenedaprivateclinicinTokyo,
andheremainedtheonlyJapanesetopracticepsychoanalysisbeforeandforawhileaferWorld
WarII.In1955heestablishedtheJapanPsychoanalyticSocietyandservedasitspresidentuntil1957.
HetranslatedintoJapaneseFreud)sNeueFolgederVorlesungenzurEinführungindiePsychoana-
lyse(NewIntroductoryLecturesonPsycho-Analysis)andpublisheditin1953.Kosawatrainedsome
ofJapan)smostwell-knownpsychoanalysts,amongothersDoiTakeoandOkonogiKeigo,http://
www.enotes.com/heisaku-kosawa-reference/heisaku-kosawa(seealsoKeigoOkonogi,“AHistoryof
PsychoanalysisinJapan”inPsychoanalysisInternational:AGuidetoPsychoanalysisTroughoutthe
World,ed.PeterKutter,Vol.2(Stuttgart-BadCannstatt,Germany:Frommann-Holzboog,1995).
15Kosawaderivedhistheoryfromtwosources:theDaihatsuNehangyó(NirvanaSutra)and
theKanmuryójukyó(SutraoftheContemplationofInfiniteLife).Itisthelatterthatfocuseson
thecomplexityofthemother–sonbond.