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thephytocoenosesoftheGaliosylvatici-Carpinetumbetuliandlessfrequently
intheDentarioenneaphylli-Fagetum.Itwasalsoquitefrequentlyrecordedin
patchessimilartotheAbieti-Piceetummontanumassociationandothercom-
munitiesfromthesuballianceofVaccinio-Abietenion.Itoccurredsporadically
inLeucobryo-PinetumandCalamagrostioarundinaceae-Quercetum,aswellasin
acommunityfromthesuballianceCephalanthero-Fagenion(Filipiak,Kosiński
2002).
Geneticstudiesindicate(Mejnartowicz2000;Lewandowskietal.2001)
thatthefirpopulationintheSudetesdifferssignificantlyfromtheCarpathian
populations.Ithasalowerheterogeneity,butitisweaklydiversified.This
confirmsitsindigenousorigin.Atthesametime,thisposesagreatchallenge
inrelationtotherestitutionofAbiesalbaintheSudetyregionbecauseofthe
hugedispersionofsmallfirgroupsandsinglespecimensoffir(Barzdajn2000;
Filipiak2006).
ThedistributionoffirintheCarpathianarchresultsamongothersfromthe
Holocenehistoryofvegetation,whichindicatesthatthelowermountainsites
suchasthoseintheBeskidŻywieckiMts.,thePodhaleandtheTatrasduring
theSubborealperiod(5000—2500BP)mighthavebeencoveredwithforests
dominatedbyfir.Theshareofthespeciescouldhaveevenbeenmorethan54%.
Basedonthepollendiagrams,ithasbeenprovedthatevenlaterthequantita-
tivedominanceoffiroverbeechandsprucepersisteduptothe19thcentury
(Obidowicz2003,2004).Atthattime,intheŻywiecregion(WesternGalicia
GalicjaZachodnia),humansbegantheexploitationofprimaevalforestsbythe
so-called“clearcuttings”(Kawecki1939).However,ananalysisofthehistorical
datarevealedthatintheWesternCarpathians(KarpatyZachodnie)inthe19th
century,thestressmusthavebeendependentonthespecificforestmanagement
policyofeachofthecountry)sinvaders(i.e.,Austro-HungarianandPrussian).
Sincethe18thcenturythenaturalforestvegetationoftheBeskidŚląskiMts.
andtheCieszyńskieFoothillshavebeenundertheinfluenceofindustrialized
Silesiaandhavebeenmuchmoretransformedanddevastatedincomparison
totheGalicianforests.Inpractice,atthebeginningofthe20thcentury,forest
standswithahighfirsharewerenotnotedintheSilesianandtheCieszyńskie
Foothills(Koczwara1930;Pelc1969).Ontheotherhand,innonindustrialized
Galicia,conditionswerefavorableforthecommonoccurrenceoffirforestsand
fir-beechforestssimilartothoseinotherpartsoftheCarpathians(Strzelecki
1894,1900;Wołoszczak1897;Sosnowski1925).Tobeprecise,Hołowkiewicz
(1877)named“thefircountry”theareaofdeepforestsbetweentheSołaandthe
Sanrivers,butWierdak(1927)significantlyexceededthesebordersbyindicat-
ingthedistributionoflargercomplexesofpurefirforestsofnaturaloriginin
alargepartoftheCarpathianarchandtheCarpathianFoothillswithinanarea
whichbelongedatthattimetotheMałopolskasupraregion.Theseareasincluded
firforestislandseastoftheBiała(Bielskotownsection)uptotheKołomyja
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